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1996年考研英语真题超详解

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1996年考研英语真题超详解 本文简介:

1996年年全真试题PartⅠClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebestoneandmarkyourans

1996年考研英语真题超详解 本文内容:

1996年年全真试题
Part
ⅠCloze
Test
Directions:
For
each
numbered
blank
in
the
following
passage,
there
are
four
choices
marked
[A],
[B],
[C]
and
[D].
Choose
the
best
one
and
mark
your
answer
on
ANSWER
SHEET
1
by
blackening
the
corresponding
letter
in
the
brackets.
(10
points)
Vitamins
are
organic
compounds
necessary
in
small
amounts
in
the
diet
for
the
normal
growth
and
maintenance
of
life
of
animals,
including
man.
They
do
not
provide
energy,

1

do
they
construct
or
build
any
part
of
the
body.
They
are
needed
for

2foods
into
energy
and
body
maintenance.
There
are
thirteen
or
more
of
them,
and
if

3

is
missing
a
deficiency
disease
becomes
4

.
Vitamins
are
similar
because
they
are
made
of
the
same
elements—usually
carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
and

5

nitrogen.
They
are
different

6

their
elements
are
arranged
differently,
and
each
vitamin

7one
or
more
specific
functions
in
the
body.

8

enough
vitamins
is
essential
to
life,
although
the
body
has
no
nutritional
use
for
9
vitamins.
Many
people,
10

,
believe
in
being
on
the
“safe
side”
and
thus
take
extra
vitamins.
However,
a
wellbalanced
diet
will
usually
meet
all
the
body’s
vitamin
needs.
1.[A]either
[B]so[C]nor

[D]never

2.[A]shifting
[B]transferring

[C]altering

[D]transforming
3.[A]any
[B]some

[C]anything

[D]something
4.[A]serious
[B]apparent

[C]severe
[D]fatal
5.[A]mostly
[B]partially

[C]sometimes
[D]rarely
6.[A]in
that

[B]so
that

[C]such
that
[D]except
that
7.[A]undertakes
[B]holds

[C]plays
[D]performs
8.[A]Supplying
[B]Getting

[C]Providing
[D]Furnishing
9.[A]exceptional
[B]exceeding

[C]excess
[D]external
10.[A]nevertheless
[B]therefore

[C]moreover
[D]meanwhile
Part
ⅡReading
Comprehension
Directions:
Each
of
the
passages
below
is
followed
by
some
questions.
For
each
questions
there
are
four
answers
marked
[A],
[B],
[C]
and
[D].
Read
the
passages
carefully
and
choose
the
best
answer
to
each
of
the
questions.
Then
mark
your
answer
on
ANSWER
SHEET
1
by
blackening
the
corresponding
letter
in
the
brackets
with
a
pencil.
(40
points)
Passage
1
Tightlipped
elders
used
to
say,
“It’s
not
what
you
want
in
this
world,
but
what
you
get.”
Psychology
teaches
that
you
do
get
what
you
want
if
you
know
what
you
want
and
want
the
right
things.
You
can
make
a
mental
blueprint
of
a
desire
as
you
would
make
a
blueprint
of
a
house,
and
each
of
us
is
continually
making
these
blueprints
in
the
general
routine
of
everyday
living.
If
we
intend
to
have
friends
to
dinner,
we
plan
the
menu,
make
a
shopping
list,
decide
which
food
to
cook
first,
and
such
planning
is
an
essential
for
any
type
of
meal
to
be
served.
Likewise,
if
you
want
to
find
a
job,
take
a
sheet
of
paper,
and
write
a
brief
account
of
yourself.
In
making
a
blueprint
for
a
job,
begin
with
yourself,
for
when
you
know
exactly
what
you
have
to
offer,
you
can
intelligently
plan
where
to
sell
your
services.
This
account
of
yourself
is
actually
a
sketch
of
your
working
life
and
should
include
education,
experience
and
references.
Such
an
account
is
valuable.
It
can
be
referred
to
in
filling
out
standard
application
blanks
and
is
extremely
helpful
in
personal
interviews.
While
talking
to
you,
your
could
be
employer
is
deciding
whether
your
education,
your
experience,
and
other
qualifications
will
pay
him
to
employ
you
and
your
“wares”
and
abilities
must
be
displayed
in
an
orderly
and
reasonably
connected
manner.
When
you
have
carefully
prepared
a
blueprint
of
your
abilities
and
desires,
you
have
something
tangible
to
sell.
Then
you
are
ready
to
hunt
for
a
job.
Get
all
the
possible
information
about
your
could
be
job.
Make
inquiries
as
to
the
details
regarding
the
job
and
the
firm.
Keep
your
eyes
and
ears
open,
and
use
your
own
judgment.
Spend
a
certain
amount
of
time
each
day
seeking
the
employment
you
wish
for,
and
keep
in
mind:
Securing
a
job
is
your
job
now.

11.
What
do
the
elders
mean
when
they
say,
“It’s
not
what
you
want
in
this
world,
but
what
you
get.”?
[A]
You’ll
certainly
get
what
you
want.
[B]
It’s
no
use
dreaming.
[C]
You
should
be
dissatisfied
with
what
you
have.
[D]
It’s
essential
to
set
a
goal
for
yourself.
12.
A
blueprint
made
before
inviting
a
friend
to
dinner
is
used
in
this
passage
as?????????.
[A]
an
illustration
of
how
to
write
an
application
for
a
job
[B]
an
indication
of
how
to
secure
a
good
job
[C]
a
guideline
for
job
description
[D]
a
principle
for
job
evaluation
13.
According
to
the
passage,
one
must
write
an
account
of
himself
before
starting
to
find
a
job
because????????
.
[A]
that
is
the
first
step
to
please
the
employer
[B]
that
is
the
requirement
of
the
employer
[C]
it
enables
him
to
know
when
to
sell
his
services
[D]
it
forces
him
to
become
clearly
aware
of
himself
14.
When
you
have
carefully
prepared
a
blueprint
of
your
abilities
and
desires,
you
have
something????????.
[A]
definite
to
offer

[B]
imaginary
to
provide
[C]
practical
to
supply
[D]
desirable
to
present
Passage
2
With
the
start
of
BBC
World
Service
Television,
millions
of
viewers
in
Asia
and
America
can
now
watch
the
Corporation’s
news
coverage,
as
well
as
listen
to
it.
And
of
course
in
Britain
listeners
and
viewers
can
tune
in
to
two
BBC
television
channels,
five
BBC
national
radio
services
and
dozens
of
local
radio
stations.
They
are
brought
sport,
comedy,
drama,
music,
news
and
current
affairs,
education,
religion,
parliamentary
coverage,
children’s
programmes
and
films
for
an
annual
licence
fee
of
£83
per
household.
It
is
a
remarkable
record,
stretching
back
over
70
years

yet
the
BBC’s
future
is
now
in
doubt.
The
Corporation
will
survive
as
a
publiclyfunded
broadcasting
organization,
at
least
for
the
time
being,
but
its
role,
its
size
and
its
programmes
are
now
the
subject
of
a
nationwide
debate
in
Britain.
The
debate
was
launched
by
the
Government,
which
invited
anyone
with
an
opinion
of
the
BBC

including
ordinary
listeners
and
viewers

to
say
what
was
good
or
bad
about
the
Corporation,
and
even
whether
they
thought
it
was
worth
keeping.
The
reason
for
its
inquiry
is
that
the
BBC’s
royal
charter
runs
out
in
1996
and
it
must
decide
whether
to
keep
the
organization
as
it
is,
or
to
make
changes.
Defenders
of
the
Corporation

of
whom
there
are
many

are
fond
of
quoting
the
American
slogan
“If
it
ain’t
broke,
don’t
fix
it.”
The
BBC
“ain’t
broke”,
they
say,
by
which
they
mean
it
is
not
broken
(as
distinct
from
the
word
‘broke’,
meaning
having
no
money),
so
why
bother
to
change
it?
Yet
the
BBC
will
have
to
change,
because
the
broadcasting
world
around
it
is
changing.
The
commercial
TV
channels
——
ITV
and
Channel
4
——
were
required
by
the
Thatcher
Government’s
Broadcasting
Act
to
become
more
commercial,
competing
with
each
other
for
advertisers,
and
cutting
costs
and
jobs.
But
it
is
the
arrival
of
new
satellite
channels

funded
partly
by
advertising
and
partly
by
viewers’subscriptions

which
will
bring
about
the
biggest
changes
in
the
long
term.
15.
The
world
famous
BBC
now
faces????????
.
[A]
the
problem
of
news
coverage
[B]
an
uncertain
prospect
[C]
inquiries
by
the
general
public
[D]
shrinkage
of
audience
16.
In
the
passage,
which
of
the
following
about
the
BBC
is
not
mentioned
as
the
key
issue?
[A]
Extension
of
its
TV
service
to
Far
East.
[B]
Programmes
as
the
subject
of
a
nation-wide
debate.
[C]
Potentials
for
further
international
co-operations.
[D]
Its
existence
as
a
broadcasting
organization.
17.
The
BBC’s
“royal
charter”
(Line
4,
Paragraph
4)
stands
for????????
.
[A]
the
financial
support
from
the
royal
family.
[B]
the
privileges
granted
by
the
Queen.
[C]
a
contract
with
the
Queen.
[D]
a
unique
relationship
with
the
royal
family.
18.
The
foremost
reason
why
the
BBC
has
to
readjust
itself
is
no
other
than
????????.
[A]
the
emergence
of
commercial
TV
channels.
[B]
the
enforcement
of
Broadcasting
Act
by
the
government.
[C]
the
urgent
necessity
to
reduce
costs
and
jobs.
[D]
the
challenge
of
new
satellite
channels.
Passage
3
In
the
last
half
of
the
nineteenth
century
“capital”
and
“labour”
were
enlarging
and
perfecting
their
rival
organizations
on
modern
lines.
Many
an
old
firm
was
replaced
by
a
limited
liability
company
with
a
bureaucracy
of
salaried
managers.
The
change
met
the
technical
requirements
of
the
new
age
by
engaging
a
large
professional
element
and
prevented
the
decline
in
efficiency
that
so
commonly
spoiled
the
fortunes
of
family
firms
in
the
second
and
third
generation
after
the
energetic
founders.
It
was
moreover
a
step
away
from
individual
initiative,
towards
collectivism
and
municipal
and
state-owned
business.
The
railway
companies,
though
still
private
business
managed
for
the
benefit
of
shareholders,
were
very
unlike
old
family
business.
At
the
same
time
the
great
municipalities
went
into
business
to
supply
lighting,
trams
and
other
services
to
the
taxpayers.
The
growth
of
the
limited
liability
company
and
municipal
business
had
important
consequences.
Such
large,
impersonal
manipulation
of
capital
and
industry
greatly
increased
the
numbers
and
importance
of
shareholders
as
a
class,
an
element
in
national
life
representing
irresponsible
wealth
detached
from
the
land
and
the
duties
of
the
landowners;
and
almost
equally
detached
from
the
responsible
management
of
business.
All
through
the
nineteenth
century,
America,
Africa,
India,
Australia
and
parts
of
Europe
were
being
developed
by
British
capital,
and
British
shareholders
were
thus
enriched
by
the
world’s
movement
towards
industrialization.
Towns
like
Bournemouth
and
Eastbourne
sprang
up
to
house
large
“comfortable”
classes
who
had
retired
on
their
incomes,
and
who
had
no
relation
to
the
rest
of
the
community
except
that
of
drawing
dividends
and
occasionally
attending
a
shareholders’
meeting
to
dictate
their
orders
to
the
management.
On
the
other
hand
“shareholding”
meant
leisure
and
freedom
which
was
used
by
many
of
the
later
Victorians
for
the
highest
purpose
of
a
great
civilization.
The
“shareholders”
as
such
had
no
knowledge
of
the
lives,
thoughts
or
needs
of
the
workmen
employed
by
the
company
in
which
he
held
shares,
and
his
influence
on
the
relations
of
capital
and
labor
was
not
good.
The
paid
manager
acting
for
the
company
was
in
more
direct
relation
with
the
men
and
their
demands,
but
even
he
had
seldom
that
familiar
personal
knowledge
of
the
workmen
which
the
employer
had
often
had
under
the
more
patriarchal
system
of
the
old
family
business
now
passing
away.
Indeed
the
mere
size
of
operations
and
the
numbers
of
workmen
involved
rendered
such
personal
relations
impossible.
Fortunately,
however,
the
increasing
power
and
organization
of
the
trade
unions,
at
least
in
all
skilled
trades,
enabled
the
workmen
to
meet
on
equal
terms
the
managers
of
the
companies
who
employed
them.
The
cruel
discipline
of
the
strike
and
lockout
taught
the
two
parties
to
respect
each
other’s
strength
and
understand
the
value
of
fair
negotiation.
19.
It’s
true
of
the
old
family
firms
that????????
.
[A]
they
were
spoiled
by
the
younger
generations
[B]
they
failed
for
lack
of
individual
initiative

[C]
they
lacked
efficiency
compared
with
modern
companies
[D]
they
could
supply
adequate
services
to
the
taxpayers
20.
The
growth
of
limited
liability
companies
resulted
in
????????.

[A]
the
separation
of
capital
from
management
[B]
the
ownership
of
capital
by
managers

[C]
the
emergence
of
capital
and
labour
as
two
classes
[D]
the
participation
of
shareholders
in
municipal
business
21.
According
to
the
passage,
all
of
the
following
are
true
except
that
????????.

[A]
the
shareholders
were
unaware
of
the
needs
of
the
workers
[B]
the
old
firm
owners
had
a
better
understanding
of
their
workers

[C]
the
limited
liability
companies
were
too
large
to
run
smoothly

[D]
the
trade
unions
seemed
to
play
a
positive
role
22.
The
author
is
most
critical
of
????????.
[A]
family
firm
owners

[B]
landowners

[C]
managers
[D]
shareholders
Passage
4
What
accounts
for
the
great
outburst
of
major
inventions
in
early
America—
breakthroughs
such
as
the
telegraph,
the
steamboat
and
the
weaving
machine?
Among
the
many
shaping
factors,
I
would
single
out
the
country’s
excellent
elementary
schools;
a
labor
force
that
welcomed
the
new
technology;
the
practice
of
giving
premiums
to
inventors;
and
above
all
the
American
genius
for
nonverbal,
“spatial”
thinking
about
things
technological.
Why
mention
the
elementary
schools?
Because
thanks
to
these
schools
our
early
mechanics,
especially
in
the
New
England
and
Middle
Atlantic
states,
were
generally
literate
and
at
home
in
arithmetic
and
in
some
aspects
of
geometry
and
trigonometry.
Acute
foreign
observers
related
American
adaptiveness
and
inventiveness
to
this
educational
advantage.
As
a
member
of
a
British
commission
visiting
here
in
1853
reported,
“With
a
mind
prepared
by
thorough
school
discipline,
the
American
boy
develops
rapidly
into
the
skilled
workman.”
A
further
stimulus
to
invention
came
from
the
“premium”
system,
which
preceded
our
patent
system
and
for
years
ran
parallel
with
it.
This
approach,
originated
abroad,
offered
inventors
medals,
cash
prizes
and
other
incentives.
In
the
United
States,
multitudes
of
premiums
for
new
devices
were
awarded
at
country
fairs
and
at
the
industrial
fairs
in
major
cities.
Americans
flocked
to
these
fairs
to
admire
the
new
machines
and
thus
to
renew
their
faith
in
the
beneficence
of
technological
advance.
Given
this
optimistic
approach
to
technological
innovation,
the
American
worker
took
readily
to
that
special
kind
of
nonverbal
thinking
required
in
mechanical
technology.
As
Eugene
Ferguson
has
pointed
out,
“A
technologist
thinks
about
objects
that
cannot
be
reduced
to
unambiguous
verbal
descriptions;
they
are
dealt
with
in
his
mind
by
a
visual,
nonverbal
process

The
designer
and
the
inventor

are
able
to
assemble
and
manipulate
in
their
minds
devices
that
as
yet
do
not
exist.”
This
nonverbal
“spatial”
thinking
can
be
just
as
creative
as
painting
and
writing.
Robert
Fulton
once
wrote,
“The
mechanic
should
sit
down
among
levers,
screws,
wedges,
wheels,
etc,
like
a
poet
among
the
letters
of
the
alphabet,
considering
them
as
an
exhibition
of
his
thoughts,
in
which
a
new
arrangement
transmits
a
new
idea.”
When
all
these
shaping
forces—schools,
open
attitudes,
the
premium
system,
a
genius
for
spatial
thinking
—interacted
with
one
another
on
the
rich
U.S.
mainland,
they
produced
that
American
characteristic
emulation.
Today
that
word
implies
mere
imitation.
But
in
earlier
times
it
meant
a
friendly
but
competitive
striving
for
fame
and
excellence.
23.
According
to
the
author,
the
great
outburst
of
major
inventions
in
early
America
was
in
a
large
part
due
to????????
.
[A]
elementary
schools

[B]
enthusiastic
workers
[C]
the
attractive
premium
system
[D]
a
special
way
of
thinking
24.
It
is
implied
that
adaptiveness
and
inventiveness
of
the
early
American
mechanics????????.
[A]
benefited
a
lot
from
their
mathematical
knowledge.
[B]
shed
light
on
disciplined
school
management.
[C]
was
brought
about
by
privileged
home
training.
[D]
owed
a
lot
to
the
technological
development.
25.
A
technologist
can
be
compared
to
an
artist
because
????????.
[A]
they
are
both
winners
of
awards.
[B]
they
are
both
experts
in
spatial
thinking.
[C]
they
both
abandon
verbal
description
[D]
they
both
use
various
instruments
26.
The
best
title
for
this
passage
might
be????????
.
[A]
Inventive
Mind[B]
Effective
Schooling
[C]
Ways
of
Thinking

[D]
Outpouring
of
Inventions
Passage
5
Rumor
has
it
that
more
than
20
books
on
creationism/evolution
are
in
the
publisher’s
pipelines.
A
few
have
already
appeared.
The
goal
of
all
will
be
to
try
to
explain
to
a
confused
and
often
unenlightened
citizenry
that
there
are
not
two
equally
valid
scientific
theories
for
the
origin
and
evolution
of
universe
and
life.
Cosmology,
geology,
and
biology
have
provided
a
consistent,
unified,
and
constantly
improving
account
of
what
happened.
“Scientific”
creationism,
which
is
being
pushed
by
some
for
“equal
time”
in
the
classrooms
whenever
the
scientific
accounts
of
evolution
are
given,
is
based
on
religion,
not
science.
Virtually
all
scientists
and
the
majority
of
nonfundamentalist
religious
leaders
have
come
to
regard
“scientific”
creationism
as
bad
science
and
bad
religion.
The
first
four
chapters
of
Kitcher’s
book
give
a
very
brief
introduction
to
evolution.
At
appropriate
places,
he
introduces
the
criticisms
of
the
creationists
and
provides
answers.
In
the
last
three
chapters,
he
takes
off
his
gloves
and
gives
the
creationists
a
good
beating.
He
describes
their
programmes
and
tactics,
and,
for
those
unfamiliar
with
the
ways
of
creationists,
the
extent
of
their
deception
and
distortion
may
come
as
an
unpleasant
surprise.
When
their
basic
motivation
is
religious,
one
might
have
expected
more
Christian
behavior.
Kitcher
is
a
philosopher,
and
this
may
account,
in
part,
for
the
clarity
and
effectiveness
of
his
arguments.
The
non-specialist
will
be
able
to
obtain
at
least
a
notion
of
the
sorts
of
data
and
argument
that
support
evolutionary
theory.
The
final
chapters
on
the
creationists
will
be
extremely
clear
to
all.
On
the
dust
jacket
of
this
fine
book,
Stephen
Jay
Gould
says:

“This
book
stands
for
reason
itself.”
And
so
it
does
-
and
all
would
be
well
were
reason
the
only
judge
in
the
creationism/evolution
debate.
27.
“Creationism”
in
the
passage
refers
to
????????.
[A]
evolution
in
its
true
sense
as
to
the
origin
of
the
universe
[B]
a
notion
of
the
creation
of
religion
[C]
the
scientific
explanation
of
the
earth
formation
[D]
the
deceptive
theory
about
the
origin
of
the
universe
28.
Kitcher’s
book
is
intended
to????????
.
[A]
recommend
the
views
of
the
evolutionists
[B]
expose
the
true
features
of
creationists
[C]
curse
bitterly
at
his
opponents
[D]
launch
a
surprise
attack
on
creationists
29.
From
the
passage
we
can
infer
that
????????.
[A]
reasoning
has
played
a
decisive
role
in
the
debate
[B]
creationists
do
not
base
their
argument
on
reasoning
[C]
evolutionary
theory
is
too
difficult
for
non-specialists
[D]
creationism
is
supported
by
scientific
findings
30.
This
passage
appears
to
be
a
digest
of
????????.
[A]
a
book
review

[B]
a
scientific
paper
[C]
a
magazine
feature
[D]
a
newspaper
editorial
Part
ⅢEnglish—Chinese
Translation
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation
should
be
written
clearly
on
ANSWER
SHEET
2.
(15
points)
The
differences
in
relative
growth
of
various
areas
of
scientific
research
have
several
causes.
31)Some
of
these
causes
are
completely
reasonable
results
of
social
needs.
Others
are
reasonable
consequences
of
particular
advances
in
science
being
to
some
extent
self-accelerating.
Some,
however,
are
less
reasonable
processes
of
different
growth
in
which
preconceptions
of
the
form
scientific
theory
ought
to
take,
by
persons
in
authority,
act
to
alter
the
growth
pattern
of
different
areas.
This
is
a
new
problem
probably
not
yet
unavoidable;
but
it
is
a
frightening
trend.
32)This
trend
began
during
the
Second
World
War,
when
several
governments
came
to
the
conclusion
that
the
specific
demands
that
a
government
wants
to
make
of
its
scientific
establishment
cannot
generally
be
foreseen
in
detail.
It
can
be
predicted,
however,
that
from
time
to
time
questions
will
arise
which
will
require
specific
scientific
answers.
It
is
therefore
generally
valuable
to
treat
the
scientific
establishment
as
a
resource
or
machine
to
be
kept
in
functional
order.
33)This
seems
mostly
effectively
done
by
supporting
a
certain
amount
of
research
not
related
to
immediate
goals
but
of
possible
consequence
in
the
future.
This
kind
of
support,
like
all
government
support,
requires
decisions
about
the
appropriate
recipients
of
funds.
Decisions
based
on
utility
as
opposed
to
lack
of
utility
are
straightforward.
But
a
decision
among
projects
none
of
which
has
immediate
utility
is
more
difficult.
The
goal
of
the
supporting
agencies
is
the
praisable
one
of
supporting
“good”
as
opposed
to
“bad”
science,
but
a
valid
determination
is
difficult
to
make.
Generally,
the
idea
of
good
science
tends
to
become
confused
with
the
capacity
of
the
field
in
question
to
generate
an
elegant
theory.
34)However,
the
world
is
so
made
that
elegant
systems
are
in
principle
unable
to
deal
with
some
of
the
world’s
more
fascinating
and
delightful
aspects.
35)New
forms
of
thought
as
well
as
new
subjects
for
thought
must
arise
in
the
future
as
they
have
in
the
past,
giving
rise
to
new
standards
of
elegance.

Section

Writing
36.
Directions:
A.
Title:
GOOD
HEALTH
B.
Time
limit:
40minutes
C.
Word
limit:
120—150
words
(not
including
the
given
opening
sentence)
D.
Your
composition
should
be
based
on
the
“OUTLINE”
below
and
should
start
with
the
given
opening
sentence:
“The
desire
for
good
health
is
universal”.
E.
Your
composition
must
be
written
clearly
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
Outline:
1.
Importance
of
good
health.
2.
Ways
to
keep
fit.
3.
My
own
practices.
1996年试题答案
Part
ⅠCloze
Test
1.
C

2.
D

3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
A
7.
D
8.B

9.
C

10.
A
Part
ⅡReading
Comprehension
Part
A
Passage
1

11.
B
12.
A
13.D

14.
A
Passage
2

15.B

16.C
17.C
18.D
Passage
3

19.C
20.A
21.C
22.D
Passage
4

23.D
24.A
25.B
26.A
Passage
5

27.D
28.B
29.B
30.A
Part

English-Chinese
Translation
31.在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。
32.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
33.给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持,看来能够有效地解决这个问题。
34.然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
35.同过去一样,将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
Section
ⅣWriting(15
points)
36.见分析
1996年试题精解
Part
ⅠCloze
Test
一、文章总体分析
本文是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文。文章首段对维生素下定义。第二段介绍了维生素的两大功能:将食物转化成能量和维持身体健康。第三段介绍了各种维生素的异同:基本组成元素相同,但排列方式不同,并且各自承担一到多种特殊功能。第四段指出:不需要获取过量的维生素,均衡的饮食通常就可以完全满足身体对它们的需求了。
二、试题具体解析
1.[A]
either

[B]
so
[C]
nor
[D]
never
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:否定倒装句的连词。
空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量,是一个否定句;后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分,是倒装句,因此选项必须既能引导倒装句,又能与前面的否定相呼应。
四个选项中,either表示“也”,可以用在否定句中,但一般放在句尾,例如:She
didn’t
go
there,
either(她也不去);so
可以引导倒装句,但它用在肯定句中,表示
“也”,如:They
can
leave
now,
so
can
we.(他们现在可以离开了,我们也能)。nor也可以引导倒装句,并可用在否定句中,构成not...nor...(既不…也不…)固定结构,如:You
can’t
do
it,
nor
can
I.(你不能做这件事,我也不能);never也可以引导倒装句,表示否定,但它必须放在句首,如:Never
in
my
life
have
I
heard
such
nonsense.(我一辈子都没听说过这样的无稽之谈)。综合以上因素,C为正确选项。
2.[A]
shifting替换,转移
[B]
transferring迁移,移动,传递
[C]
altering改变,变动

[D]
transforming转换,改变
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配
+
动词词义辨析。
空格所在句子的含义是“需要维生素将食物2为能量,以维持身体的健康”。空格填入的分词需和into搭配,并符合文意。transform常与into搭配,强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此从food(食物)到energy(能量)的转变是一种质的改变,因此,D符合句意。
shift
不与into搭配,如:The
wind
shifted
to
the
south(风转向南吹);transfer多用于位置的改变,也不与into搭配,如:His
employer
transferred
him
to
another
office.(老板把他调到了另一个办公室);alter强调部分或少量的变动,程度较轻,如:These
clothes
are
too
large;
they
must
be
altered.(这些衣服太大,得修改)。因此以上三个词都不能表示事物质的改变。
知识点补充:trans-为前缀,与动词连用,表示“横过,越过”或“转变,转移”,例如:transact(办理,
交易,
谈判,
处理),transatlantic(横渡大西洋的),trans-national(跨越国界的),transplant(移植),transport(运输)。
3.[A]
any任何一个[B]
some一些
[C]
anything任何事物

[D]
something某事物
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:不定代词的用法。
空格所在句子是一个由and连接的并列句,前一个分句There
are
thirteen
or
more
of
them中的them指的是vitamins,后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句,意为“如果…缺乏,(会出现)维生素缺乏症。”由于if引导的从句中谓语动词is是单数,因而,只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。
首先排除some,它一般用于肯定句,做主语时谓语动词用复数;其次anything与something泛指任何事或某些事,放入句中不符句意;any放入后相当于any
of
them,即“任何维生素”。注意any一般用于否定或疑问句中,做主语时,谓语动词常用单数,如:Any
of
the
hunters
is
able
to
catch
the
tiger
single-handed.(任何一个猎人都能单独抓住老虎)。因此答案只能选A。
4.[A]
serious严重的,严肃的,认真的
[B]
apparent明显的
[C]
severe严厉的,剧烈的,严峻的
[D]
fatal致命的
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。
本题要求考生判断,如果缺乏任何一种维生素,缺乏症就会变得怎样。四个备选项表示的程度不同,从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但是,根据上下文,这里需要填入一个准确描述疾病症状的词。serious、severe和fatal这几个词都表示程度严重,甚至危及生命。但上下文没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果,因此,这三个词都不可作为被选项。apparent只是简单地描述了疾病的症状,为正确选项。
5.[A]
mostly大部分,主要地
[B]
partially部分地
[C]
sometimes
有时候

[D]
rarely很少地,罕有地
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语义搭配
+
副词词义辨析。
本句破折号后举例说明维生素的组成成分:碳、氢、氧和5氮,and
表明各成分之间为并列关系,那么,选项应与usually相呼应。usually是频度副词,选项也应是频度副词。选项中,mostly和partially不是频率副词,而是强调事物部分与整体的关系,如:The
audience
consisted
mostly
of
women.(观众主要是妇女);The
driver
is
partially
to
blame
for
the
accident.(司机对那次车祸应负部分责任)。rarely是频率副词,但它含否定含义,若用于句中,之前的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。全句意为“通常是碳、氢、氧,有些时候还有氮”。
6.[A]
in
that在…方面;因为
[B]
so
that以致,以便,(引导结果或目的状语从句)
[C]
such
that那样,以至,(不能连接两个完整的句子)
[D]
except
that除了
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
上句提到维生素相似的原因,这句开始提到维生素也是有区别的,由于两个句子是平行的结构,我们可以预测,本句的后半句也会解释为什么不同。下文果然提到原因是“元素的排列方式不同,每种元素在人体内(有)一种或多种特殊功能”。因此空格处应填入表因果关系并连接原因状语从句的短语。选项中,except
that不表因果,so
that和such
that后面接结果。只有in
that后面接原因,并且空格前面的different与介词in连用,表示“在哪一方面不同”。
例句补充:Self-criticism
is
necessary
in
that
it
helps
us
to
correct
our
mistakes.(自我批评是必要的,因为它能帮助我们改正错误);Speak
louder
so
that
all
the
people
in
the
hall
can
hear
you.(大声点讲,
以便大厅里的人都能听清);The
situation
was
such
that
political
observers
found
it
difficult
to
predict.(形势如此,连政治观察家们也觉得难以预料);His
account
is
correct
except
that
some
details
are
omitted.(除了有些细节未提到之外,他的叙述是正确的)。
7.[A]
undertakes承担,采取
[B]
holds保存,把握,握有
[C]
plays担当,承担

[D]
performs表演,执行,履行
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:动宾搭配。
本题考查动词与function的搭配。四个选项中能与function搭配的只有perform,即perform
a
function(具有…的功能,发挥…的作用),如:The
brain
performs
a
very
important
function:
it
controls
the
nervous
system
of
the
body.(大脑具有非常重要的功能,它控制着身体内的神经系统)。在文中,它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的功能”。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的常用搭配有:undertake
a
mission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程;hold
a
share持有股份;play
a
role/part扮演…角色。
8.[A]
Supplying补给,供给,提供,补充

[B]
Getting获得,变成,收获,使得
[C]
Providing供应,供给,准备,预防[D]
Furnishing供应,提供,装备,布置
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:动名词的逻辑主语
+
动词词义辨析。
本题空格所在句子是一个含让步状语从句的复合句:8enough
vitamins
is
essential
to
life,
although
the
body
has
no
nutritional
use
for9vitamins,其中空格部分和enough
vitamins构成动名词的复合结构做主句的主语。考生关键要判断出,空格处填入的动名词的逻辑主语也就是后面although引导的让步状语从句中的主语,即:the
body。这样,动名词所表示的动作必须是the
body发出来的,又能接enough
vitamins做宾语。选项中,Supplying,Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供,供应”,动作的发出者不是“身体”。句子表达的含义是身体需要获取维生素的营养,而不是“提供”,因此只有Getting(获取,获得)符合。
知识点补充:supply、provide、furnish是一组近义词,都有“提供,供应”含义。furnish主要指提供一些基本的必要物品,可译为“配备”,如:furnish
the
new
apartment(为新房间配备家具);supply强调“提供物品以备需要的时候用”,可译为“供给,供应”,它常和with搭配,如:supply
the
market
with
new
commodities(向市场供应新商品);provide也强调“提供物品,为…做准备”,它常和介词for,with和against搭配。provide...with...意为“给…提供”,provide
for/against都指“为可能的困难做准备,防备”,如:He
worked
hard
to
provide
for
his
old
age.(他努力赚钱以防老)。
9.[A]
exceptional例外的,异常的
[B]
exceeding非常的,极度的,过度的
[C]
excess额外的,多余的
[D]
external外部的,客观的,外用的
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义
+
形容词词义辨析。
本题空格所在部分是although引导的让步状语从句。前面主句提到,获取足够维生素是必要的,因此从句很可能要从相反的角度来说明获取维生素对人体的意义。have
use
for是固定短语,意为
“需要”,主要用于否定和疑问句中,如:I
have
no
further
use
for
it.(我不再需要它了)。因此,根据所在从句的含义,考生需判断人体对什么维生素没有营养上的需要。选项中,首先排除external和exceptional,因为不存在“外部的维生素”或“例外的维生素”;剩下两个选项中,exceeding用来指被修饰的成分超出了一般的限度,如:exceeding
darkness(极度黑暗),exceeding
beauty(美丽无比),显然,它不能直接修饰“维生素”;只有excess指“超过正常或所需数额的数量”,强调“摄入过多的维生素”符合逻辑。
10.[A]
nevertheless然而,不过,(表示转折关系)
[B]
therefore因此,所以,(表因果关系)
[C]
moreover而且,此外,(表示递进关系)
[D]
meanwhile(=at
the
same
time)同时,(表示时间关系)
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词,因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到,过量维生素对身体没有营养价值,接着作者指出很多人的心态:为“安全”考虑,而服用额外的维生素。从语意上看,两句之间存在转折关系,选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词,因此nevertheless为正确答案。整个句子意为“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值,但很多人出于安全考虑,还是摄取额外的维生素。”
三、全文翻译
饮食中含有的少量有机化合物—维生素是促进动物(包括人)正常发育和维系生命的必需成分。
维生素既不提供热量,也不能构建身体的某个部分。它们被用来将食物转化为能量并维持身体的健康。维生素至少有十三种,如果缺乏任何一种,缺乏症疾病就会表现出来。
各种维生素都比较相似,因为它们由同样的元素组成—通常是碳、氢、氧,有时还有氮。它们之间的不同之处在于每种维生素内部的元素排列方式不同,并且每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种具体功能。
尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值,但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的。然而,很多人出于安全考虑,还是摄取额外的维生素。不过,实际上均衡的饮食通常就可以完全满足身体对维生素的需求了。
Part
ⅡReading
Comprehension
Passage
1
一、文章结构总体分析
文章是一篇介绍求职前应进行准备工作的说明文。文章先指出“所想”与“所得”两个概念,并指出实现“所想”的关键是做事前要制定计划,进而具体到找工作前准备简历的重要性。
第一至二段:先通过谚语说明一种传统的观点:得到的才算数,接着提到现代心理学的观点:如果知道自己想要什么,并且要求合理,就能实现。两段都围绕“所想”和“所得”两个概念展开论述。
第三段:以请客吃饭为例说明在日常生活中,制定计划的普遍性。
第四至六段:先提出文章中心思想,即找工作前也需要制定计划。接着说明简历对于求职者的意义,即可作为填写正式申请表的参考,而且能帮助求职者将自己的能力有条理地展现出来。最后作者就找工作提出了具体的建议。
二、试题具体分析
11.What
do
the
elders
mean
when
they
say,
“It’s
not
what
you
want
in
this
world,
but
what
you
get”?

11.年长者说:“It’s
not
what
you
want
in
this
world,
but
what
you
get”是什么意思?
[A]
You’ll
certainly
get
what
you
want.
[A]
你肯定能得到自己想要的东西
[B]
It’s
no
use
dreaming.
[B]
梦想没有用
[C]
You
should
be
dissatisfied
with
what
you
have.
[C]
你不应该满足于自己已有的东西(所得)
[D]
It’s
essential
to
set
a
goal
for
yourself.
[D]
为自己确立一个目标(所想)是非常重要的
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:句意题。
原句it’s
not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”,肯定的是“你所得”。即,得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思,为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”,其中certainly一词过于绝对,而且第二段提到,得到“所想”的条件是:知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性,与原句意思相反。
技巧:本题属于句子理解题,考生需反复琢磨句意,并注意选项中将what
you
want
和what
you
get具体化后的含义。
12.A
blueprint
made
before
inviting
a
friend
to
dinner
is
used
in
this
passage
as????????.
12.文中提到邀请朋友吃饭前制定的计划蓝图是用来作为????????。
[A]
an
illustration
of
how
to
write
an
application
for
a
job
[A]怎样写求职书的说明
[B]
an
indication
of
how
to
secure
a
good
job
[B]
获得一份好工作的暗示
[C]
a
guideline
for
job
description
[C]
职位描述上的指导
[D]
a
principle
for
job
evaluation
[D]
工作评估原则
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。
题干的内容是第三段中的举例,举例是为了说明论点,上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是:在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的(愿望)蓝图。因此,“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise
(同样地,照样地)表明,后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样,也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历,故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。
B、C和D选项中分别出现good
job、job
description、job
evaluation这些原文未有的内容。
技巧:对于涉及举例的题,上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外,要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法,如:likewise表并列,暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句:This
place
is
pretty
beautiful,
likewise
the
people
here.
这地方美,人也美。
13.According
to
the
passage,
one
must
write
an
account
of
himself
before
starting
to
find
a
job
because????????.
13.根据文章内容,开始找工作之前必须写一个对自我的描述,原因是????????。
[A]
that
is
the
first
step
to
please
the
employer
[A]
这是取悦雇主的第一步
[B]
that
is
the
requirement
of
the
employer
[B]
这是雇主的要求
[C]
it
enables
him
to
know
when
to
sell
his
services
[C]
这使他明白何时去推销自己的服务
[D]
it
forces
him
to
become
clearly
aware
of
himself
[D]
这使他能够清楚地了解自己
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。
根据题干关键词before
starting
to
find
a
job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答:当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时,你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写,其中exactly与clearly相对应,know
what
you
have
to
offer与become
aware
of
himself
一致。C选项偷梁换柱,将该原因从句中的where换成了when。
文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择,并非取悦,因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项,但文中未提及。
技巧:细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。
14.When
you
have
carefully
prepared
a
blueprint
of
your
abilities
and
desires,
you
have
something????????.
14.当你就自己的能力和愿望精心准备了一个计划蓝图后,你就有的东西????????。
[A]
definite
to
offer
[A]
明确可提供
[B]
imaginary
to
provide
[B]
想像可提供
[C]
practical
to
supply
[C]
实际可提供
[D]
desirable
to
present
[D]
可提供的令人满意
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:词义题。
本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样,除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件,来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear
and
definite(明确的,确实的),因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除,Practical意为workable,
useful(可行的,有用的),计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意,排除C和D。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析
①It’s
not
what
you
want
in
this
world,
but
what
you
get.
句中it’s
not...but...的结构表示“不是…而是…”否定前者,肯定后者。
知识点补充:but作为介词还有其他用法,例如:nothing
but“只有,仅仅”,如:Nothing
but
a
miracle
can
save
her
now.(现在只有出现奇迹才能救活她);anything
but“根本不”,如:He
is
anything
but
mad.(他一点儿也不生气)

②You
can
make
a
mental
blueprint
of
a
desire
as
you
would
make
a
blueprint
of
a
house,
and
each
of
us
is
continually
making
these
blueprints
in
the
general
routine
of
everyday
living.
此句是用and连接的两个并列句。在前一个分句中,又用as引导了一个比较状语从句,将make
a
blueprint
of
a
desire

make
a
blueprint
of
a
house作比较。第二个分句的主干是:each
of
us...
is
making...
blueprints...
③While
talking
to
you,
your
could-be
employer
is
deciding
whether
your
education,
your
experience,
and
other
qualifications
will
pay
him
to
employ
you
and
your
wares
and
abilities
must
be
displayed
in
an
orderly
and
reasonably
connected
manner.
该句主干是While
…,
your
could-be
employer
is
deciding
whether...
and
your
wares
and
abilities
must
be
displayed...。前一个分句中while引导伴随状语从句,whether引导宾语从句,该从句中并列主语为your
education,
your
experience,
and
other
qualifications,谓语部分为pay
him,后面是不定式做的状语。And后面的并列句是被动语态,其中in

manner为方式状语。
知识点补充:pay
sb.
to
do
sth.意思是“干某事对某人有利”。如:It
will
pay
you
to
be
careful.(小心谨慎对你有好处)

could-be意思是“可能的,未来的”;wares本义为“货物,商品”,在这里表示应聘者能够展示出来的资格和能力。
佳句赏析
①Likewise,
if
you
want
to
find
a
job,
take
a
sheet
of
paper,
and
write
a
brief
account
of
yourself.
用likewise连接的这两个句子中,分别含有if引导的条件从句,并且都运用了动词短语连用的形式,前后结构对称,具有美感。
②Keep
your
eyes
and
ears
open,
and
use
your
own
judgement.
此句采用并列祈使句的形式,使整个句子精炼。
例句补充:Keep
your
eyes
and
ears
open,
and
use
your
own
judgement.
Then
you
can
find
something
of
real
value.(保持耳目灵敏,并且运用自己的判断。这样你就会发现真正有价值的东西。)
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)
tight-lipped(a.)沉默寡言的,出言谨慎的
(2)
psychology(n.)心理学
(3)
blueprint(n.)蓝图,详细的计划,方案
(4)
likewise(adv.)同样地,照样地;-wise
后缀,表示“样子”,“位置”或“状态”,如:clockwise(顺时针方向地),
lengthwise(纵向地,竖着地)
(5)
account(n.)叙述,描述
(6)
routine(n.)固定而有规则的事,常规
(7)
reference(n.)证明文书,
介绍信,推荐人
(8)
sketch(n.)概述,概要,梗概
(9)
secure(vt.)~sth.
(for
sb.
/sth.)(尤指经过努力)获得,取得,实现;如:He
secured
a
place
for
himself
at
law
school.
(他在法学院取得了学籍)。
~sth.
(against/from
sth.)使某事物安全,保护;
如:to
secure
a
property
against
intruders(保护房产以免外人闯入)
五、全文翻译
出言谨慎的年长者过去总说:“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么,而是你得到了什么。”(长难句①)
心理学教导人们,如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理,你就能得到它。
你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图,如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。(长难句②)而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说,想请朋友吃晚餐,我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等,这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。
同样,如果你想找一份工作,那就拿一张纸,写一份对自我的简单描述吧。(佳句①)为找工作制订计划蓝图时,要从你自己开始,因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时,你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。
对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介,它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。这样的描述是很有价值的,在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照,在面试时更是尤为有用。在与你面谈时,你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得,因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。(长难句③)
当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后,你就有实在的东西可以推销了。那时你就准备去找工作,先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息,对工作和公司的详情进行调查,留心看,留意听,使用你的判断力。(佳句②)每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作,请记住:找工作就是你现在的工作。
Passage
2
一、文章结构总体分析
本文报道了BBC(英国广播公司)的现状及面临的问题。文章从现状入手,接着话锋一转进入主题,谈到目前在全国范围内一场针对BBC应该保持原样还是进行变革的争论,最后作者指出必须进行变革。本文是典型的夹叙夹议的文章,叙述和说理论证相结合。
第一至二段:为一个引子,描述BBC的接收范围和它的节目类型,总之,情况令人乐观。
第三段:承上启下,先总结前两段,yet语气一转,点出文章的主题,即,BBC前途未卜。
第四段:政府发起对BBC的这场争论的原因:皇家特许权1996年到期。
第五段:BBC支持者的观点。
第六段:再次出现yet转折点出作者观点,即,BBC必须改革,因为世界在发生变化。
二、试题具体分析
15.The
world
famous
BBC
now
faces????????.
15.世界著名的BBC现在面临????????。
[A]
the
problem
of
news
coverage
[A]
新闻报道覆盖范围的问题
[B]
an
uncertain
prospect
[B]
不确定的前景
[C]
inquiries
by
the
general
public
[C]
公众提出的调查
[D]
shrinkage
of
audience
[D]
观(听)众的减少
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛,这两段间用and
相连,表明一种顺承、并列关系,都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系,yet
the
BBC’s
future
is
now
in
doubt(BBC前景不明)说明了它现在面临的情况。因此,B选项为正确答案,其中原文的future和in
doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。
新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到,是BBC值得骄傲的方面,而不是“问题”,故排除A选项。第四段提到,政府对公众进行调查,即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。
技巧:议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性,因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语,如:although,
though,
but,
yet,
however等,从而把握作者的思路。
16.In
the
passage,
which
of
the
following
about
the
BBC
is
not
mentioned
as
the
key
issue?
16.下列选项中,哪个没有作为BBC的关键问题被提到?
[A]
Extension
of
its
TV
service
to
Far
East.
[A]
将电视广播扩展到远东地区。
[B]
Programmes
as
the
subject
of
a
nation-wide
debate.
[B]
电视节目成为全国上下谈论的话题。
[C]
Potentials
for
further
international
co-operations.
[C]
进一步国际合作的潜力。
[D]
Its
existence
as
a
broadcasting
organization.
[D]BBC作为广播机构的存在。
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。
解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到,“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”,选项中的Far
East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到,“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在,至少暂时会是这样,但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革,而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。
技巧:原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种:一是文中根本没有提到;二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座,将原文中提到的内容划线,表示是排除的内容;无法对号的即是答案。
17.The
BBC’s
“royal
charter”
(line
4,
paragraph
4)
stands
for????????.
17.BBC的“royal
charter”(第四段第四行)指的是????????。
[A]
the
financial
support
from
the
royal
family
[A]
皇室家庭的资助
[B]
the
privileges
granted
by
the
Queen
[B]
女王赋予的特权
[C]
a
contract
with
the
Queen
[C]
与女王签的合同
[D]
a
unique
relationship
with
the
royal
family
[D]
和皇室家庭的特别关系
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:词义题。
第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是:the
BBC’s
royal
charter
runs
out
in
1996
and
it
must
decide
whether
to
keep
the
organization
as
it
is,
or
to
make
changes,可见,royal
charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run
out
的含义。run
out
多表示“被用完,到期”之意,能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家,与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司,而非私营企业。
技巧:对句中词汇或短语的释义,要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。
18.The
foremost
reason
why
the
BBC
has
to
readjust
itself
is
no
other
than????????.
18.BBC不得不进行调整的最主要原因正是????????。
[A]
the
emergence
of
commercial
TV
channels
[A]
商业电视频道的出现
[B]
the
enforcement
of
Broadcasting
Act
by
the
government
[B]
政府广播法的实施
[C]
the
urgent
necessity
to
reduce
costs
and
jobs
[C]
降低成本,减少员工的迫切需求
[D]
the
challenge
of
new
satellite
channels
[D]
新卫星电视频道的挑战
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。
文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革,接着陆续给出原因:它周边的广播业正在发生变化;政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化,进而使广告业相互竞争,降低成本,减少劳务;但是从长远看,带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上,原因可归纳为两点:电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It
is
the
arrival...which
will...the
biggest
changes...,强调后一原因更具重要性,其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容,但不是最主要原因。
技巧:因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次,注意词汇(如mainy,
chief)和句型结构(如强调句)的暗示。

补充:no
other
than意为“就是,正是”。如:He
is
no
other
than
my
old
friend
Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析
①They
are
brought
sport,
comedy,
drama,
music,
news
and
current
affairs,
education,
religion,
parliamentary
coverage,
children’s
programmes
and
films
for
an
annual
licence
fee
of
£83
per
household.
该句的主干是They
are
brought…,谓语是被动语态,由bring接双宾结构即bring
them
sth
转化而来,直接宾语由sport,
comedy,
drama等一串并列名词构成,for
an
annual…作状语。
②The
corporation
will
survive
as
a
publicly-funded
broadcasting
organization,at
least
for
the
time
being,but
its
role,its
size
and
its
programmes
are
now
the
subject
of
a
nation-wide
debate
in
Britain.
该句是由but连接的两个转折关系的分句。前半句为The
corporation
will
survive
as
…,其中at
least
for
the
time
being的意思是“眼下,暂时”,这里做时间状语。后半句的主干可以表达为A
are
the
subject
of
B(A是B的对象)。
③The
debate
was
launched
by
the
Government,
which
invited
anyone
with
an
opinion
of
the
BBC—including
ordinary
listeners
and
viewers—to
say
what
was
good
or
bad
about
the
Corporation,
and
even
whether
they
thought
it
was
worth
keeping.
该句的主干是:The
debate
was
launched
by
the
Government,后面是由which
引导的非限定性定语从句修饰government。这个从句的主干是:which
invited
anyone...
to
say...。在anyone后由with引导的介词短语对它修饰限制,可译为“对其有看法的人”。两个破折号间的插入语,同样是在对
anyone进行补充说明。to
say后有两个宾语成分what
was
good
or
bad
about
the
Corporation和whether
they
thought
it
was
worth
keeping,副词even表进一步强调。
④The
BBC
“ain’t
broke”,
they
say,
by
which
they
mean
it
is
not
broken
(as
distinct
from
the
word
‘broke’,
meaning
having
no
money),
so
why
bother
to
change
it?
该句调整句序后应为:They
say,
the
BBC“ain’t
broke”,
…,
so
why
bother
to
change
it?。主干部分是由so连接的两个因果关系的分句。前一分句中which引导定语从句,修饰“ain’t
broke”,括号内的部分指出broken(破损)和broke(破产)有不同含义,后一分句why
bother
to
do
sth.
是反问句,属非正式用法。
知识点补充:注意作者改正了美国俚语中broke的错误用法,认为应该是broken(破损),应该与broke加以区别,因为作者认为broke的意思应该是“破产”。
⑤But
it
is
the
arrival
of
new
satellite
channels—funded
partly
by
advertising
and
partly
by
viewers’subscriptions—which
will
bring
about
the
biggest
changes
in
the
long
term.
此句的主干是it
is
the
arrival
...
which...,是一个强调句,被强调的部分为主语the
arrival
of
new
satellite
channels。破折号中间的内容是过去分词结构,置于所修饰的名词之后,做定语。
佳句赏析

And
of
course
in
Britain
listeners
and
viewers
can
tune
in
to
two
BBC
television
channels,
five
BBC
national
radio
services
and
dozens
of
local
radio
stations.

此句中的介词宾语由三个名词短语组成,其中数词的递增和中心名词的替换给人一种语言的动感美。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)
coverage(n.)覆盖,总括,新闻报道
(2)
tune(n.)调子、和谐;(v.)调音,调整,~in
to调谐,收听
(3)
annual(a.)每年的,年度的;(n.)年刊,年鉴
(4)
licence(n.)执照,许可证,准许,许可
(5)
stretch
(v.)拉长,延伸,~ing
back...
回溯到…
(6)
in
doubt拿不准,不确定,注意doubt
与suspect的区别:doubt是对于事物的真伪、将来的事和人的成功等的怀疑,如:I
doubt
his
honesty.
在动词doubt之后,如用but,则but与that意义相同。如:I
do
not
doubt
but(that)he
is
ill.我不怀疑他病了。Suspect是猜疑,设想某人有欺诈、私通或犯罪的嫌疑时,通常用suspect表示。如:I
suspect
some
falsehood
in
what
he
says.我怀疑他的话中有些虚假。
(7)
subject(n.)主题,科目,主语;(v.)~(to)使遭受,使服从;(a.)易遭…的,受…支配的
(8)
charter(n.)契约,特许证,特许权;它常常以合约或正式文书的形式授权成立某种机构经营某种业务,并规定它的权限和目标。royal
charter(皇家特许权)常常指与国王或女王签订的契约,取得经营某种业务的特许权
(9)
subscriptions(n.)订阅,订购;subscribe(v.)
五、全文翻译
随着BBC(英国广播公司)国际电视频道的开播,现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播,也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。
当然,英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道,五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。(长难句①)
延续七十多年,BBC可谓历程辉煌,然而现在,BBC的未来却令人疑虑。虽然至少目前,它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去,但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。(长难句②)
英国政府发起了这场讨论,它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说,甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。(长难句③)这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期,政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。
公司的捍卫者为数不少,他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号:“如果没坏(broke),就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”,意思相当于既然没有“broken”(跨掉)(它区别于broke的意思,broke表示“没有钱”),那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢?(长难句④)
然而BBC将不得不进行变革,因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化,彼此竞争广告业务,降低成本,裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现,它们的部分资金来自广告收入,部分来自用户收视费。(长难句⑤)
Passage
3
一、文章结构分析
本文是一篇论述19世纪后半叶英国劳资关系变化及股东食利阶层出现的文章。
第一段:交待背景,即,旧式家庭企业被有限责任公司代替,从而提高了企业效率,并使之走向集体化和市营、国营化。
第二段:说明在第一段提到的变化下产生了股东阶层,进而对这个阶层的生活进行了描述并举例说明。
第三段:指出这些股东对劳资关系没有积极的影响,因为他们对工人的情况不甚了解。但工会的日益发展使情况有所好转。
二、试题具体分析
19.It’s
true
of
the
old
family
firms
that????????.
19.关于旧式家族企业的正确说法是????????。
[A]
they
were
spoiled
by
the
younger
generations
[A]
它们被年轻一代毁了
[B]
they
failed
for
lack
of
individual
initiative
[B]
它们由于缺乏个人独创性而失败
[C]
they
lacked
efficiency
compared
with
modern
companies
[C]
与现代公司相比,它们缺乏效率
[D]
they
could
supply
adequate
services
to
the
taxpayers
[D]
它们能够为纳税人提供足够的服务
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出,许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降,而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。
A选项属于过度推理,文中提到的是decline
in
efficiency
commonly
spoiled
the
fourtunes
of
family
firms,可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明,(由家族企业到有限责任公司)这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步,由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神,故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴,该段最后一句只提到,市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务,和旧式家族企业无关。
技巧:解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。
20.The
growth
of
limited
liability
companies
resulted
in????????.
20.有限公司的发展造成了????????。
[A]
the
separation
of
capital
from
management
[A]
资本与管理的分离
[B]
the
ownership
of
capital
by
managers

[B]
对资本的所有权由经理掌握
[C]
the
emergence
of
capital
and
labour
as
two
classes
[C]
劳资两个阶级的出现
[D]
the
participation
of
shareholders
in
municipal
business
[D]
股东参与市政企业
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
第二段前两句指出,有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富,与土地和土地所有者责任分离,几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知,有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离;投资者并不实际参加经营,而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理;真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符,为正确答案。
文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此,经理只是经营者,并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在,由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此,C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知,股东们只是享受红利,偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。
技巧:根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句(第二段首句)。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。
21.According
to
the
passage,
all
of
the
following
are
true
except
that????????.
21.根据文章,下列选项除了都是正确的????????。
[A]
the
shareholders
were
unaware
of
the
needs
of
the
workers
[A]
股东不了解工人的需要
[B]
the
old
firm
owners
had
a
better
understanding
of
their
workers
[B]
旧式家族企业的业主更了解他们的工人
[C]
the
limited
liability
companies
were
too
large
to
run
smoothly
[C]
有限责任公司太大以至于运转艰难
[D]
the
trade
unions
seemed
to
play
a
positive
role
[D]
工会似乎起着积极的作用
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。
对于正误判断题,可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章第三段首句中涉及:“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”;B选项在该段第二句涉及:“...但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭的旧式家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解;D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出:值得庆幸的是,工会与日俱增的力量使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重,明白了公平协商的价值。可见,在这方面,工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。
技巧:Except类型的题目可能涉及一段或数段,考点范围广泛,此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。因此考生该尽量将每个选项都对照原文,找到相关内容,确认该选项正确与否。
22.The
author
is
most
critical
of????????.
22.作者对于谁最持有批评态度?
[A]
family
firm
owners
[A]
家族企业业主
[B]
landowners
[B]
土地所有者
[C]
managers
[C]
经理
[D]
shareholders
[D]
股东[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。
通观全文,发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是comfortable
class。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利,偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚,shareholding
意味着悠闲和自由;第三段首句也提到股东不了解工人们的生活、思想和需求。引号的多次使用表示作者对这个称号的否定。由此推知,作者对股东阶层持强烈的批评态度。因此,D选项为正确答案。作者对其他选项中的人群则没有明显的批评。
技巧:纵览全篇,体会字里行间流露的语气和注意most关键词。此题实际上也考查了文章主旨。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析:
①The
change
met
the
technical
requirements
of
the
new
age
by
engaging
a
large
professional
element
and
prevented
the
decline
in
efficiency
that
so
commonly
spoiled
the
fortunes
of
family
firms
in
the
second
and
third
generation
after
the
energetic
founders.
该句子的主干是The
change
met
...requirements...and
prevented
the
decline...,其中and连接了met
和prevent这两个并列动词。前一动词met后是by引导的介词词组做方式状语;the
decline
in
efficiency
后是that引导的定语从句,注意the
second
and
third
generation
在这个定语从句的时间状语中,并不是spoiled
这一动作的实施者,真正的实施者是the
decline
in
efficiency。
②Such
large,
impersonal
manipulation
of
capital
and
industry
greatly
increased
the
numbers
and
importance
of
shareholders
as
a
class,
an
element
in
national
life
representing
irresponsible
wealth
detached
from
the
land
and
the
duties
of
the
landowners;
and
almost
equally
detached
from
the
responsible
management
of
business.
句子的主语是Such
large,
impersonal
manipulation
of
capital
and
industry,谓语是increased,宾语是the
numbers
and
importance
of
shareholders
as
a
class。而句中的an
element
in
national
life
是一个同位语,指的就是持股人这一阶层,它是对shareholders
as
a
class进行的进一步解释,其中representing是现在分词做后置定语;两个detached过去分词均修饰irresponsible
wealth。


Towns
like
Bournemouth
and
Eastbourne
sprang
up
to
house
large
“comfortable”
classes
who
had
retired
on
their
incomes,
and
who
had
no
relation
to
the
rest
of
the
community
except
that
of
drawing
dividends
and
occasionally
attending
a
shareholders’
meeting
to
dictate
their
orders
to
the
management.
句中的主干是Towns

sprang
up
to
…。在主语后由like引导的介词短语对主语举例解释;to
house
large
“comfortable”
classes
表示目的;接着两个who引导的并列的定语从句修饰classes。
知识点补充:句中house为动词,意思是“供…居住”。如:We
house
the
immigrants.
(我们给移民提供住房,或我们收留了移民。)

The
paid
manager
acting
for
the
company
was
in
more
direct
relation
with
the
men
and
their
demands,
but
even
he
had
seldom
that
familiar
personal
knowledge
of
the
workmen
which
the
employer
had
often
had
under
the
more
patriarchal
system
of
the
old
family
business
now
passing
away.
该句的主干是The
paid
manager
…was
in

relation
with
…,
but
…he
had

knowledge
…,是but连接的转折关系的两个分句。前一分句的主语The
paid
manager
后是现在分词结构对其进行解释。but
后的分句的主干是he
had
knowledge,which引导的定语从句对knowledge进行修饰;now
passing
away
则是对the
old
family
business的修饰成分。
知识点补充:pass
away意思是“停止,消逝”。如:Lots
of
wise
old
men
were
killed
and
lots
of
wisdom
pass
away
with
them.(许多有才智的老人被杀害,大量的智慧财富亦随之一起消失)。
佳句赏析:

The
cruel
discipline
of
the
strike
and
lockout
taught
the
two
parties
to
respect
each
other’s
strength
and
understand
the
value
of
fair
negotiation.
仿照这句话的表达方式可以表达“某些客观因素促使有分歧的两派人物坐下来协商和解”,如:The
common
enemy
brought
the
two
used
to
be
rival
countries
to
respect
each
other’s
strength
and
understand
the
value
of
fair
negotiation.
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)
bureaucracy(n.)行政系统,官僚政治,官僚体制

(2)
collectivism(n.)
集体主义(制度),collective(n.)集体,(a.)集体的,共同的,collect
(n)收集
(3)
discipline(n.)训练,磨炼,纪律,学科
(4)
engage(v.)(in)(使)从事、忙着、订婚、雇佣
(5)
initiative(n.)创始,第一步,主动精神,(a.)创始的,起始的;initiate(v.)
(6)
liability(n.)责任,义务;(pl.)债务
(7)
on
modern
lines根据现代的要求,按现代方式;注意与line有关的短语:1)in
line:成一直线,排成一行。如:The
boys
were
standing
in
line.
2)in
line
with:和…成直线;与…一致;按照。如:He
is
in
line
with
our
previous
policy.他同意我们先前的办法。3)do
sth.along
/
on
sound
/
correct
lines
=
use
good
methods
用良好的或正确的方法去处理事务。如:He
is
studying
the
subject
on
sound
lines.
(8)
patriarchal(a.)家长的,族长的,父权制的,patriarch(n.)
(9)
rendered(v.)使得,致使;~
sth.
(a.)如:~
such
personal
relations
impossible
(10)
term(n.)学期,期限,期间;(pl.)on
equal
~s
以平等的地位;in
~s
of
依据,按照,用…措辞
五、全文翻译
19世纪后半叶,“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代,由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求,并防止了效率的降低,而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。(长难句①)而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力,向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司,虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业,但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时,大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界,为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。
有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富,与土地及土地所有者责任相分离,几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。(长难句②)整个19世纪,美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来,而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起,原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所,这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入,除了领取红利,偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外,他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。(长难句③)另一方面,“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由,维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。
这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接,但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。(长难句④)的确,单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言,就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。然而,幸运的是,工会的势力和组织在日益壮大,至少在各个技术行业情况如此,这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量,理解公正谈判的含义。(佳句)
Passage
4
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇介绍美国早期发明创造热的文章。一开始用设问的形式给出全文主题,然后逐个分析发明热原因,最后进行总结。除了说理、引证之外,本文还使用了类比论证方法。
第一、二段:是一个引子,提出问题并给予回答,指出促成美国早期发明热的四个原因。
第三、四段:详细论证了初等教育的重要性。论证中主要使用了说理和引证。
第五、六段:指出并论证了奖励制度带来的鼓励作用。
第七段:探讨了早期美国人特有的空间思维方式所起的决定性作用。该部分使用了类比论证法。
第八段:总结全文。以上原因综合起来就是美国人的特点——为名誉和优秀而拼搏。
二、试题具体分析
23.According
to
the
author,
the
great
outburst
of
major
inventions
in
early
America
was
in
a
large
part
due
to????????.
23.根据作者的观点,促成美国早期发明创造热的主要原因是????????。
[A]
elementary
schools
[A]
初等教育
[B]
enthusiastic
workers
[B]
充满热情的工人
[C]
the
attractive
premium
system
[C]
吸引人的奖励制度
[D]
a
special
way
of
thinking
[D]
特殊的思维方式
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。
文章首句是个设问句,题干是对它的改写,其中due
to和account
for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答,给出的原因有:优秀的初等教育;欢迎新技术的劳动力;给发明者以奖励的制度;而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系,说明分号前后是同等重要的原因,而最后一个分号后的above
all(最重要)一词,与题干中的in
a
large
part同义,显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比,更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。

技巧:文章首句出现问句一般是设问句,即有问必有答,而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。
24.It
is
implied
that
adaptiveness
and
inventiveness
of
the
early
American
mechanics????????.
24.文中暗示了美国早期技工的适应性和创造性????????。
[A]
benefited
a
lot
from
their
mathematical
knowledge
[A]
很大程度上得益于数学知识
[B]
shed
light
on
disciplined
school
management
[B]
解释了严格的学校管理
[C]
was
brought
about
by
privileged
home
training
[C]
产生于优越的家庭训练
[D]
owed
a
lot
to
the
technological
development
[D]
在很大程度上归功于技术的发展
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
根据题干中关键词adaptiveness
and
inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句,该句指出:敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势(this
educational
advantage)联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词,一般往回复指前述的最后内容,也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术(arithmetic),还通晓一些几何学(geometry)和三角学(trigonometry)”,从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。
B选项的干扰来自第四段末句,该句提到彻底的学校训练(school
discipline)让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员,这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”,而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home
training
是对第三段at
home
in...(熟知)进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。
技巧:指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代,即在上下文中,指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系,正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。
25.A
technologist
can
be
compared
to
an
artist
because????????.
25.把技术专家比做艺术家的原因是????????。
[A]
they
are
both
winners
of
awards
[A]
他们都是获奖者
[B]
they
are
both
experts
in
spatial
thinking
[B]
他们都是空间思维的专家
[C]
they
both
abandon
verbal
description
[C]
他们都放弃了语言描述
[D]
they
both
use
various
instruments
[D]
他们都使用多种工具
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
第七段中引用Eugene
Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出:这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert
Fulton的话说明a
mechanic和a
poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此,B选项为正确答案。
此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有,难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗?C选项过度推断,显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何?况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础,岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似?
技巧:类比可以看作是特殊的例证,但常使用比喻手法,用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物,目的不在比较,而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。
26.The
best
title
for
this
passage
might
be????????.
26.本文最恰当的标题是????????。
[A]
Inventive
Mind
[A]
发明创造精神
[B]
Effective
Schooling
[B]
有效的教育
[C]
Ways
of
Thinking
[C]
思维方式
[D]
Outpouring
of
Inventions
[D]
发明热
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。
总结主旨需要通观全文:文章一开始通过设问句点明主题,指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见,本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。
也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因,不能概括全文主旨;D选项太泛,文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。
技巧:主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先,文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次,还应注意:(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题,然后试想在这样的题目下,应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖,则不能作为题目。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析
①Because
thanks
to
these
schools
our
early
mechanics,
especially
in
the
New
England
and
Middle
Atlantic
states,
were
generally
literate
and
at
home
in
arithmetic
and
in
some
aspects
of
geometry
and
trigonometry.
句子主干是

our
early
mechanics
…,
were
generally
literate
and
at
home
in
…。主语前是because引导的原因状语从句。句中两个逗号间的内容especially
in...是插入成分,对our
early
mechanics进行地点上的补充说明。表语后的in短语表示“在…方面”。
知识点补充:Thanks
to意为“幸亏,由于,因为”。如:Thanks
to
a
good
teacher,she
passed
the
examination.
②A
further
stimulus
to
invention
came
from
the
“premium”
system,
which
preceded
our
patent
system
and
for
years
ran
parallel
with
it.
句中的which引导的非限制定语从句,修饰premium
system;从句的主干是which
preceded…
and

ran
parallel
with…。
知识点补充:precede为及物动词,意思是“在…之前”,例如:Thick
black
clouds
always
precede
a
heavy
rain.(大雨之前总是乌云密布);run
parallel
with意为“与…并驾齐驱”。如:His
words
always
run
parallel
with
his
action.(他说到做到)。
③Americans
flocked
to
these
fairs
to
admire
the
new
machines
and
thus
to
renew
their
faith
in
the
beneficence
of
technological
advance.
该句主语是Americans,谓语是flocked
to,后面接动词不定式to
admire...and
thus
to
renew...做谓语的目的状语。
知识点补充:flock
to意为“涌向”。
如:Students
are
flocking
to
such
fields
as
genetics
and
molecular
biology.(大学生正在大量从事诸如遗传学和分子生物等领域的研究);fairs指的是博览会。
④Given
this
optimistic
approach
to
technological
innovation,
the
American
workers
took
readily
to
that
special
kind
of
nonverbal
thinking
required
in
mechanical
technology.
句子的主干是…,
the
American
workers
took
readily
to
that
special
kind
of
nonverbal
thinking…,Given…是过去分词作条件状语的结构,required为过去分词做后置定语修饰that
special
kind
of
nonverbal
thinking。
知识点补充:Given
为介词,意思是“考虑到…”;take
to意为“适应,对…做出反应”。如:He
took
to
Latin
as
a
duck
takes
to
water.(他学拉丁文就像鸭子嬉水一样毫不费力)。
⑤As
Eugene
Ferguson
has
pointed
out,
“A
technologist
thinks
about
objects
that
cannot
be
reduced
to
unambiguous
verbal
descriptions;
they
are
dealt
with
in
his
mind
by
a
visual,
nonverbal
process...The
designer
and
the
inventor...are
able
to
assemble
and
manipulate
in
their
minds
devices
that
as
yet
do
not
exist.”
该句的主体部分是直接引语部分,由两个句子组成。第一个句子是由分号连接两个并列句:a
technologist
thinks
about
objects
that...;
they
are
dealt
with...by...,前一分句中that引导定语从句修饰objects,后一分句用被动语态,其中的they指代前面的objects。第二个句子比较简单,主干为中The
designer
and
the
inventor...are
able
to…,其中也有that引导的定语从句修饰devices。
佳句赏析

Among...,
I
would
single
out...;
a
labor
force
that...;
the
practice
of...;
and
above
all
the
American
genius
for...
当要从众多的原因中罗列几个,并且着重点出一个时,可以仿照该句用分号表示并列,用短语突出其中之一。

Robert
Fulton
once
wrote,
“The
mechanic
should
sit
down
among
levers,
screws,
wedges,
wheels,
etc,
like
a
poet
among
the
letters
of
the
alphabet,
considering
them
as
an
exhibition
of
his
thoughts,
in
which
a
new
arrangement
transmits
a
new
idea.”
该句在描述技术专家和艺术家时,运用了形象的暗喻和类比手法,使抽象的概念变得生动形象。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)
outburst(n.)(情感、力量等)爆发、迸发,暴乱
(2)
shaping
factors
成因;shaping(a.)成型的,塑造的
(3)
single
out挑出;single(v.)挑出,使突出
(4)
premium(n.)酬金,额外费用,奖赏,保险费
(5)
nonverbal(a.)非言辞、语言的;non-前缀表示“非,无,不”如:nonsense,nonfiction
(6)
discipline(n.)训练,纪律,学科,惩戒;(v.)训练,锻炼;惩罚;惩戒
(7)
incentive(n.)鼓励、奖励;刺激,动机
(8)
flock(n.)一群,(禽、畜的群);大量,众多;(v.)群集,成群
(9)
beneficence(n.)行善、馈赠;beneficial(a.)~(to)有利的,有益的
(10)
emulation(n.)仿效,竞争,竞赛;emulate(v.)仿效,努力赶上或超过
五、全文翻译
在早期美国,像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出,其原因何在?
在诸多形成因素中,我想特别指出如下因素:这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。(佳句②)
为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校,我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写,并精通算术及部分几何和三角,(长难句①)这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。
目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样,“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑,美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”

推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度,它产生于我们的专利制度之前,且多年来与后者一同实施。(长难句②)这种做法起源于国外,做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。
在美国,大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器,因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。(长难句
③)
有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度,美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。(长难句④)正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的:“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”(长难句⑤)
这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道:“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间,如同一位诗人处在词汇之中,应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达,每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”(佳句②)
当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时,便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意),而在早期美国,它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。
Passage
5
一、文章结构分析
本文是一篇书评,介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作。

第一段:为一个引子,交待了创世论和进化论之争的背景。
第二段:对一本有关创世论和进化论之争的书的内容、章节进行了介绍,并指出此书的目的是揭露创世论者的真实面目。
第三段:对该书做出评价,包括作者自己和他人的评价。
二、试题具体分析
27.“Creationism”
in
the
passage
refers
to????????.
27.“creationism”在文中指的是????????。
[A]
evolution
in
its
true
sense
as
to
the
origin
of
the
universe
[A]有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论
[B]
a
notion
of
the
creation
of
religion
[B]关于宗教产生的一个理论
[C]
the
scientific
explanation
of
the
earth
formation
[C]地球形成的科学解释
[D]
the
deceptive
theory
about
the
origin
of
the
universe
[D]关于宇宙起源的虚假理论
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:词义题。
第一段前三句提到,关于creationism和evolution之争的书都试图说明,就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言,不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。由此推出,creationism至少应该是这样的的一种理论,虽然它可能不成立。接着该段末句将creationism描写为拙劣的科学、拙劣的宗教。到了第二段第四句更是指出“对那些不了解creationists惯用手法的人来说,其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊”。根据这些线索,可以判断出creationism是一种虚假理论,D选项正确。
第一段中作者将creationism与evolution对立而论。而A选项将两者等同。既然creationism是拙劣的科学,又怎能够科学地解释地球的形成呢?由此排除C选项。第一段第五句只提到creationism基于宗教而产生,B选项属无中生有。
技巧:不管所考的词语有多超纲,都能够通过上下文得出其意思。
补充:Creationism(创世论)是一种反对进化论的学说,认为万物皆由上帝创造,不能演化和发展。该学说是根据《圣经》“创世纪”篇的内容总结出来的关于宇宙起源的理论。
28.Kitcher’s
book
is
intended
to????????.

28.金切尔一书的目的是????????。
[A]
recommend
the
views
of
the
evolutionists
[A]推崇进化论的观点
[B]
expose
the
true
features
of
creationists
[B]揭示创世论者的真实面目
[C]
curse
bitterly
at
his
opponents
[C]狠狠地咒骂了他的对手
[D]
launch
a
surprise
attack
on
creationists
[D]对创世论者进行突然袭击
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
文章第二段提到,该书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论,在适当的地方,作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。在此书的后三章,他毫不手软,对创世论者进行猛烈的抨击(a
good
beating)。他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段,使人们看到他们的欺骗和对事实的扭曲。以上都说明此书的目的并不是A选项,而是B选项。
作者对创世论进行批评,但同时也提供被批评者的回应。全书给人的印象是它是理智的代表,毫无漫骂之嫌,因此C选项错在curse一词。D选项是将该段第四句中的an
unpleasant
surprise解释为a
surprise
attack,所述对象发生了偏差。原文指不熟悉创世论的人对创世论者欺骗和歪曲事实的程度感到吃惊,而D选项中得到surprise的是创世论者。

技巧:正确选项是对整个第二段内容的综合概括,干扰项要么只是部分信息,要么是对原文内容的曲解。
29.From
the
passage
we
can
infer
that????????.
29.从文章中,可以推出????????。
[A]
reasoning
has
played
a
decisive
role
in
the
debate
[A]在这场争论中,推理起了决定性作用
[B]
creationists
do
not
base
their
argument
on
reasoning
[B]创世论者的论点不是建立在理性基础上的
[C]
evolutionary
theory
is
too
difficult
for
non-specialists
[C]对非专业人士而言,进化论太难
[D]
creationism
is
supported
by
scientific
findings
[D]科学发现支持了创世论
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
文章最后一句是带有倒装结构表虚拟语气的句子,其正常的语序是all
would
be
well
if
reason
were
the
only
judge
in
the
creationism/evolution
debate。该句指出,如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的惟一裁判者,问题就容易解决。句子的虚拟语气则表明,creationism
并未讲理性,理性尚未在争论中起决定性作用。由此排除A选项,得出B选项正确。此外,从第二段可知金切尔是站在进化论一边,反对创世论的。而文章倒数第二句指出,他的这本书代表了理性本身。由此可推论,他批判的对象creationists
不代表理性,也可得出B选项正确。
C选项与最后一段第二句指出的“(通过此书)非专业的读者起码可以了解支持进化论的数据和观点”不符,应排除。D选项与原文提到的“创世论是拙劣的科学”(第一段最后一句)相悖。此外,D选项对creationism进行肯定,与全文基调相反。
30.This
passage
appears
to
be
a
digest
of????????.
30.这篇文章是属于哪种类型文章的摘要?
[A]
a
book
review
[A]书评
[B]
a
scientific
paper
[B]科学论文
[C]
a
magazine
feature
[C]杂志特写
[D]
a
newspaper
editorial
[D]报纸社论
[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:引申推理题(文章类型)。
文章首段提到20本关于创世论与进化论之争的书,然后在第二段和第三段专门介绍金切尔著作的结构内容和突出特点,最后引用斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的话对此书做出高度评价,显然这是一篇典型的书评。
技巧:通过这篇文章,考生应该熟悉英语书评的写作特点:一般会先给出背景知识,接着介绍该书的主要内容,最后对所介绍的书籍做出一个总体评价。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析:
①The
goal
of
all
will
be
to
try
to
explain
to
a
confused
and
often
unenlightened
citizenry
that
there
are
not
two
equally
valid
scientific
theories
for
the
origin
and
evolution
of
universe
and
life.
该句的主干是The
goal
will
be
to
try
to
explain...,explain后接的是双宾语,即explain
to
sb.
sth.,直接宾语是that引导的从句。该从句的主干是there
are
not
two
theories
for...,其中origin和evolution,universe和life都是and连接的并列名词。
②“scientific”
creationism,
which
is
being
pushed
by
some
for
“equal
time”
in
the
classrooms
whenever
the
scientific
accounts
of
evolution
are
given,
is
based
on
religion,
not
science.
该句的主干是:“scientific”
creationism

is
based
on
religion,
not
science,而主谓之间是which引导的非限定性定语从句对creationism进一步说明,该定语从句为被动语态,在这个从句中还有一个whenever引导的时间状语从句,该从句也为被动语态。
③On
the
dust
jacket
of
this
fine
book,
Stephen
Jay
Gould
says:
“This
book
stands
for
reason
itself.”
And
so
it
does—and
all
would
be
well
were
reason
the
only
judge
in
the
creationism
/
evolution
debate.
第一句比较简单,是一个直接引语。第二句的前半句And
so
it
does,表示对前面别人讲的情况表示有同感。如:“That’s
Tom,
look!”
“So
it
is!”(“
瞧,那不是汤姆吗?”“就是他!”)后半句为虚拟语气,主句是all
would
be
well。由于从句省略了if,必须进行倒装。正常语序是and
all
would
be
well
if
reason
were
the
only
judge
in
the
creationism
/
evolution
debate。
知识点补充:stand
for意为“代表,代替”,如:In
many
cultures,
white
stands
for
purity.(在很多文化中,白色代表了纯洁)。
佳句赏析:
①In
the
last
three
chapters,
he
takes
off
his
gloves
and
gives
the
creationists
a
good
beating.

take
off
one’s
gloves
and
give
sb.
a
good
beating的字面意思是“脱下手套,狠狠地揍某人一顿”,是从拳击运动发展过来的一个短语,用在这里生动地描述作者在抨击创造论者时毫不手软的态度。我们可以仿造类似的句子,如:At
the
beginning
of
the
debate,
he
just
expressed
his
ideas
calmly.
But
later,
he
took
off
his
gloves
and
criticized
his
opponents’
idea
violently.
(辩论开始时,他平静地表达自己的观点。但是后来,他话锋犀利起来,开始强烈地抨击对手的观点)。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)
account(n.)报告,叙述,by/from
all
~s
据说,根据报道;give
a
good/poor
etc~
of
oneself
表现好/不好;账目,账单;账户,户头
(2)
citizenry(n.)(总称)老百姓,公民,市民
(3)
cosmology(n.)宇宙论,宇宙哲学;cosmic(a.)宇宙的
(4)
dust
jacket(n.)(精装书的)护封,包在书外起保护和装饰作用的纸封面;jacket
(n.)上衣,夹克;(锅炉、管等的)保温套;(发动机的)冷却套;(精装书的)护封;(马铃薯的)皮
(5)
motivation(n.)动力,诱因,刺激,提供动机;motive
(n.)动机,目的
(6)
non-fundamentalist(n.)非原教旨主义者;fundamentalist(n.)原教旨主义者;fundamental(a.)基础的,基本的;(n.)(多用pl.)基本原则,基本原理,基本部分(7)
non-specialist(n.)非专家;specialist(n.)专家;specialize
(v.)专攻,专门研究,专业化,~
in
(8)
notion(n.)概念,想法,意念,看法,观点
(9)
pipeline(n.)供应线,管道,管线
(10)
unenlightened(a.)未受启蒙的,愚昧无知的,落后的;enlightened
(a.)开明的,有知识的,文明的;enlightening(a.)有启迪作用的;enlightenment(n.)
五、全文翻译
有传言说,有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版,其中有几本已经面世。出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓:就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言,不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。(长难句①)对于所发生的一切,宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时,有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教,而非科学的。(长难句②)实际上,所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。
金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。在适当的地方,作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。在书的后三章,他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。(佳句)他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段,对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说,其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教,人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。
金切尔是位哲学家,这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上,斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道:
“本书代表了理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准,一切问题就已解决了。(长难句③)
Part

English—Chinese
Translation
一、试题总体分析
本文从探究科研领域发展原因入手,指出存在一种令人担忧的趋势:权威机构(政府)对科研的投资流向改变了科学领域的发展模式,干涉了学科的发展。接着作者进一步指出,在多个没有直接效用的科研项目中决定投资给谁是很困难的,不能光看其科学体系是否完美,因为完美的标准是不断变化的。
1996年的英译汉部分文章篇幅较短,试题难度适中,文章题材虽是关于科研领域的发展,但内容只停留在笼统的介绍上,不属特别具有专业性的话题。从能力上,它主要测试了考生理解书面材料的准确性和吸收信息后汉语的表述能力。从翻译技能上,考查的重点开始从词汇转向句子结构,考查了分词结构和并列结构的翻译、同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法、定语修饰成分和状语的位置及省略句的译法。考生在翻译时,注意不能只看划线部分,要特别注意上下文的衔接和指代关系。
二、试题具体解析
31.[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:分词结构和并列结构的翻译。
该句由两个简单句组成,包含some...others这个并列结构。这些诸如not
only...but
also,
either...or...等等的并列结构都有固定的译法,而且,由于并列句子的结构相似,经常可以互相参照理解,如本句中由some
of
these
causes可知others指的是other
causes;consequences的意思也和results基本相同。第二个简单句中,介宾短语in
science
being
to
some
extent
self-accelerating修饰advances,其中分词结构being
self-accelerating为现在分词做定语,修饰particular
advances
in
science,而不仅仅是science,翻译时把原来的分词结构动词化处理,译成“科学上某些特定发展自我加速”。
词汇:
to
some
extent是固定词组,意为“在一定程度上”;completely
reasonable(results)可直译为“完全合理的”,亦可意译为“自然而然的”或“纯属”。
译文:在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。
32.[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法。
该句的主干是This
trend
began
during
the
Second
World
War,
when…,其中when引导的不是一个时间状语从句,而是先行词为the
Second
World
War的非限定性定语从句。有考生误译成“当几个政府得出…结论时,这导致了二战的爆发”,是没有通读全文和分析句子结构的结果。由于非限定的定语从句与先行词联系不紧密,翻译时一般可以另外成句,译为“这时”或“当时”。conclusion后接的是同位语从句,汉语中表示同位的有“即”、“这个”、“这”这样的词,或冒号、破折号这样的标点。从句的主干为:the
demands...cannot...be
foreseen...,是一被动语态,但是注意不要译成被字句;demands后跟that引导的定语从句a
government...establishment。
词汇:许多考生把scientific
establishment译成“科学基地”,这是对establishment一词掌握不好的缘故,应该是“科研机构”。Make
demands
of
指“对…提出要求”,of表示对象。
译文:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
33.[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:this代词指代、定语修饰成分和状语的位置。
这是一个简单句。句子的主干是This
seems...done
by...。主语this实际上是指前文的problem。根据汉语的搭配习惯,done
在句中应指问题的“解决”,mostly
effectively对它进行修饰;research
后接的related
to...和of
possible...是两个由but连接的并列的修饰语,可以译成前置定语,但是在某些情况下(如定语太长)根据汉语习惯亦可用“这”或“这些科研”代替research,而把定语单独成句。by
+V-ing结构在这里是表示方式:“通过…”,做状语,在中文翻译时一般前置。
词汇:“of+名词”表示事物的性质,of
possible
consequences意为“可能有作用的”
译文:给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持,看来能够有效地解决这个问题。
34.[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:词义的选择。
句子的主干是:the
world
is
so
made
that...;that引导结果状语从句,be
made意为“构成”,主干的意思是“世界就是这样创建的,以至…”。
词汇:elegant
和下面第5题中的elegance都与systems,thought,subjects有关,显然不能译成“优雅的”,这里elegant
systems应该译为“完美的体系”。此外亦可从作者的口气推断,它是想说一种表面上看起来很好的理论实际上却无法解决世界上的某些问题;aspects的意思是指“世界的各个方面,种种问题”;in
principle意为“原则上来说,一般而言”;deal
with意为“处理,解决”。
译文:然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
35.[精解]
本题考核的知识点是:省略句的译法、as
well
as和must的译法。
这个句子的主干是New
forms...as
well
as
new
subjects...must
arise...,句中as
they
have不完整,是个省略句,可以依照前文相对应的主谓结构补全,此处可以补成as
they
have
arisen,它在句中做方式状语从句。they
指代复数名词,应该是指句子的主语new
forms
of
thought
as
well
as
new
subjects
for
thought。giving
rise
to
new
standards
of
elegance与主句分开,是现在分词做结果状语。
词汇:注意主句中的must
不能译成“必须”,它表示推测;由于as
they
have
in
the
past指“同过去一样出现”,must在这里的意思是“必然,必定”。arise指“出现,兴起”;give
rise
to意为“引起,导致”。
译文:同过去一样,将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
三、参考译文
科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同,其中有若干原因。(31)在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。然而,有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理,仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法,这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。这是一个新问题,虽然可以避免,但其趋势却令人担忧。(32)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而,可以预见的是,往往会出现一些问题,要求有具体科学的解答。因此,把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器,应维持其良好的运行状态,这种做法通常很有价值。(33)给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持,看来能够有效地解决这个问题。
与所有资助项目一样,这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中,要做出抉择就困难得多。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科,而不资助“坏”的学科,这一点值得赞扬,然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。(34)然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(35)同过去一样,将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
Section

Writing
一、审题与谋篇
本文命题形式为提纲式控制性写作,提纲有三点要求:健康的重要性;保持健康身体的方法;我自己的实践。并给出了起始句The
desire
for
good
health
is
universal。
文章内容以健康为中心,而且从提纲也可看出,本文首段重在议论,后两段重在说明,整体为议论和说明相结合。根据提纲所示,本文分三段展开。第一段,突出健康的重要性。第二段,说明保持身体健康的途径,可用列举的方法进行说明,必要时稍加展开。第三段,描述自己的切身经历。但应注意,第三段的自身做法应呼应第二段的举例,这样文章结构会比较严谨。
二、参考范文
GOOD
HEALTH
The
desire
for
good
health
is
universal.
Wherever
you
are
and
whatever
you
do,staying
healthy
precedes
a
successful
career
and
a
happy
life.
People
with
good
health
can
do
work
with
full
energy
and
confidence
and
their
progress
in
turn
contributes
to
their
health
and
happiness.
On
the
contrary,
a
sick
one
usually
lacks
the
vigor
and
interest
to
fulfill
his
or
her
role
in
life,
which
deprives
him
or
her
of
many
opportunities
to
become
successful
and
happy.
Realizing
the
importance
of
good
health
is
far
from
being
enough.
We
must
do
something
effective
to
keep
fit.
The
best
place
to
begin
is
at
the
dinner
table.
Eating
less
junk
food
and
having
a
balanced
diet
is
the
first
step
for
most
people.
The
next
step
is
to
exercise
regularly.
Vigorous
exercise
can
benefit
not
only
the
muscles
but
also
the
organs.
Last
but
not
the
least,
don
’t
damage
the
body
with
drugs,including
cigarettes
and
too
much
alcohol.
As
far
as
I
am
is
concerned,I
am
neither
indulged
in
food
nor
in
such
harmful
substances
as
cigarettes
or
alcohol.
Moreover,
doing
exercises
is
part
of
my
routine
life.
Therefore,
I
am
in
good
shape
and
always
energetic.
三、范文点评
文章结构:从结构上看,该范文按照提纲要求,分为三段论述。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法,段首为题目中给出的主题句,接下来用正反对比的写法进行论证,使人印象深刻。第二段段首也是主题句,并用The
best
place
to
begin、The
next
step、和Last
but
not
the
least分别引导对保持身体健康提出的三点建议,段落内部层次分明。第三段采用先分后总的写作方法,呼应上段的建议,谈了自己的实际情况,并在段尾进行了总结。
语言亮点:
1.
universal:普遍的。例如:It
is
a
universally
accepted
idea
that
…(…是一个普遍接受的观点)。
2.
precede:在…之前。可代替的表达有:is
the
basis
of或is
the
foundation
of。
3.
in
turn:反过来。类似用法的词还有consequently(因而)。
4.
On
the
contrary:“与此相反”,类似表示对照的短语有:unlike,
in
contrast,
whereas,
rather
than,
conversely,
instead,
by
contrast等。
5.
deprive
sb.
of
sth.:剥夺某人某物(或某种权利)。例如:Many
children
are
deprived
of
their
rights
to
receive
education
because
of
poverty.(很多孩子由于贫穷而被剥夺了受教育的权利)。
6.
is
far
from:原不…,远非…。例如:The
present
situation
is
far
from
being
satisfying.(目前的情况远非令人满意)。
7.
junk
food:“垃圾食品”(指一些没有营养的食物)。考生注意收集有关食物的词汇,如:take
out(外卖),
fast
food(快餐)
8.
a
balanced
diet:一个均衡的饮食。
9.
Last
but
not
the
least:最后一点,但并不是最不重要的一点。

10.
As
far
as
I
am
is
concerned:“至于我自己”,as
far
as

be
concerned谈到…,至于…。用于提起话题。
11.
indulge:be
indulged
in
…沉湎于…。
12.
routine
life:日常生活。routine为regular的近义词。
四、写作误区
篇章结构误区:考生需要避免的第一个写作误区是跑题。本题在第三段中,跑题现象较为明显,本段要求考生谈谈自己的做法,但有的考生对practices产生误解,把它当作“实践(与理论相对应)”,而写成“实践是很重要的”或“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,结果跑题了。还有的考生在谋篇上不够周全,将第一段写得过于庞大,而末段又过于简短,造成文章整体比例失调,头重脚轻,因此丢分。也有的同学将第二段写得过于详尽,举例过细,重在描写刻画,而非说明,也是误解本题初衷的表现。
语言表达错误:
①词义冗余:In
my
opinion,
I
think
a
good
diet
is
the
most
important
thing.
(In
my
opinion
/
I
think
a
good
diet
is
the
most
important
thing.)
②词义错误:Practice
is
very
important
to
health.
(Exercise
is
very
important
to
health.)
③句子结构混乱:So
careful
the
health,
not
just
think
medicine
can
care
for
all
the
illness.(So
pay
attention
to
your
health,
and
do
not
just
think
medicine
can
cure
all
the
illness.)
④累赘:Eating
no
food
shouldn’t
be
considered
as
the
only
way
to
solve
the
problem
of
keeping
health.(Eating
little
is
not
the
only
way
to
keep
health.)
⑤句子结构不平行:We
should
try
our
best
to
keep
healthy
by
taking
exercises
and
don’t
eat
too
much
or
too
little.(We
should
try
our
best
to
keep
healthy
by
taking
exercises
and
having
a
balanced
diet.)
⑥不间断句子:People’s
living
standard
improved,
more
and
more
people
began
to
worry
about
their
health.
(As
people’s
living
standard
improved,
more
and
more
people
began
to
care
about
their
health.)
⑦残句:I
think,
to
have
both
physical
and
mental
health
to
succeed
in
the
competitive
society.(Both
physical
and
mental
health
are
the
key
to
success
in
the
competitive
society.)

1996年考研英语真题超详解 本文关键词:真题,考研英语,详解

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