铣削机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译 本文简介：
本科毕业论文（设计）相关中英文翻译资料资料题目：铣削学生姓名：所在院系：机电学院所学专业：机电技术教育MILLINGMillingisabasicmachiningprocessinwhichthesurfaceisgeneratedbytheprogressiveformationandremov
铣削机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译 本文内容：
本科毕业论文（设计）
相关中英文翻译资料
资料题目：铣削
学生姓名：
所在院系：机电学院
所学专业：机电技术教育
MILLING
Milling
is
a
basic
machining
process
in
which
the
surface
is
generated
by
the
progressive
formation
and
removal
of
chips
of
material
from
the
workpiece
as
it
is
fed
to
a
rotating
cutter
in
a
direction
perpendicular
to
the
axis
of
the
cutter.
In
some
cases
the
workpiece
is
stationary
and
the
cutter
is
fed
to
the
work.
In
most
instances
a
multiple-tooth
cutter
is
used
so
that
the
metal
removal
rate
is
high,
and
frequently
the
desired
surface
is
obtained
in
a
single
pass
of
the
work.
The
tool
used
in
milling
is
known
as
a
milling
cutter.
It
usually
consists
of
a
cylindrical
body
which
rotates
on
its
axis
and
contains
equally
spaced
peripheral
teeth
that
intermittently
engage
and
cut
the
workpiece.
1
In
some
cases
the
teeth
extend
part
way
across
one
or
both
Ends
of
the
cylinder.
Because
the
milling
principle
provides
rapid
metal
removal
and
can
produce
good
surface
finish,
it
is
particularly
well-suited
for
mass-production
work,
and
excellent
milling
machines
have
been
developed
for
this
purpose.
However,
very
accurate
and
versatile
milling
Machines
of
a
general-purpose
nature
also
have
been
developed
that
are
widely
used
in
jobshop
and
tool
and
die
work.
A
shop
that
is
equipped
with
a
milling
machine
and
an
engine
lathe
can
machine
almost
any
type
of
product
of
suitable
size.
Types
of
Milling
Operations.
Milling
operations
can
be
classified
into
two
broad
categories,
each
of
which
has
several
variations:
1.
In
peripheral
milling
a
surface
is
generated
by
teeth
located
in
the
periphery
of
the
cutter
body;
the
surface
is
parallel
with
the
axis
of
rotation
of
the
cutter.
Both
flat
and
formed
surfaces
can
be
produced
by
this
method.
The
cross
section
of
the
resulting
surface
corresponds
to
the
axial
contour
of
the
cutter.
This
procedure
often
is
called
slab
milling.
2.
In
face
milling
the
generated
flat
surface
is
at
right
angles
to
the
cutter
axis
and
is
the
combined
result
of
the
actions
of
the
portions
of
the
teeth
located
on
both
the
periphery
and
the
face
of
the
cutter.
2
The
major
portion
of
the
cutting
is
done
by
the
peripheral
portions
of
the
teeth
with
the
face
portions
providing
a
finishing
action.
The
basic
concepts
of
peripheral
and
face
milling
are
illustrated
in
Fig.
16-1.
Peripheral
milling
operations
usually
are
performed
on
machines
having
horizontal
spindles,
whereas
face
milling
is
done
on
both
horizontal-
and
vertical-spindle
machines.
Surface
Generation
in
Mimng.
Surfaces
can
be
generated
in
milling
by
two
distinctly
different
methods
depicted
in
Fig.
16-2.
Note
that
in
up
milling
the
cutter
rotates
againsi
the
direction
of
feed
the
workpiece,
whereas
in
down
milling
the
rotation
is
in
the
same
direction
as
the
feed.
As
shown
in
Fig.
16-2,
the
method
of
chip
formation
is
quite
different
in
the
two
cases.
In
up
milling
the
c
hip
is
very
thin
at
the
beginning,
where
the
tooth
first
contacts
the
work,
and
increases
in
thickness,
becoming
a
maximum
where
the
tooth
leaves
the
work.
The
cutter
tends
topush
the
work
along
and
lift
it
upward
from
Tool-work
relationshios
in
peripheral
and
face
milling
the
table.
This
action
tends
to
eliminate
any
effect
of
looseness
in
the
feed
screw
and
nut
of
the
milling
machine
table
and
results
in
a
smooth
cut.
However,
the
action
also
tends
to
loosen
the
work
from
the
clamping
device
so
that
greater
clamping
forcers
must
be
employed.
In
addition,
the
smoothness
of
the
generated
surface
depends
greatly
on
the
sharpness
of
the
cutting
edges.
In
down
milling,
maximum
chip
thickness
cecum
close
to
the
point
at
which
the
tooth
contacts
the
work.
Because
the
relative
motion
tends
to
pull
the
workpiece
into
the
cutter,
all
possibility
of
looseness
in
the
table
feed
screw
must
be
eliminated
if
down
milling
is
to
be
used.
It
should
never
be
attempted
on
machines
that
are
not
designed
for
this
type
of
milling.
Inasmush
as
the
material
yields
in
approximately
a
tangential
direction
at
the
end
of
the
tooth
engagement,
there
is
much
less
tendency
for
the
machined
surface
to
show
tooth
marks
than
when
up
milling
is
used.
Another
considerable
advantage
of
down
milling
is
that
the
cutting
force
tends
to
hold
the
work
against
the
machine
table,
permitting
lower
clamping
force
to
be
employed.
3
This
is
particularly
advantageous
when
milling
thin
workpiece
or
when
taking
heavy
cuts.
Sometimes
a
disadvantage
of
down
milling
is
that
the
cutter
teeth
strike
against
the
surface
of
the
work
at
the
beginning
of
each
chip.
When
the
workpiece
has
a
hard
surface,
such
as
castings
do,
this
may
cause
the
teeth
to
dull
rapidly.
Milling
Cutters.
Milling
cutters
can
be
classified
several
ways.
One
method
is
to
group
them
into
two
broad
classes,
based
on
tooth
relief,
as
follows:
1.Profile-cutters
have
relief
provided
on
each
tooth
by
grinding
a
small
land
back
of
the
cutting
edge.
The
cutting
edge
may
be
straight
or
curved.
2.In
form
or
cam-reheved
cutters
the
cross
section
of
each
tooth
is
an
eccentric
curve
behind
the
cutting
edge,
thus
providing
relief.
All
sections
of
the
eccentric
relief,
parallel
with
the
cutting
edge,
must
have
the
same
contour
as
the
cutting
edge.
Cutters
of
this
type
are
sharpened
by
grinding
only
the
face
of
the
teeth,
with
the
contour
of
the
cutting
edge
thus
remaining
unchanged.
Another
useful
method
of
classification
is
according
to
the
method
of
mounting
the
cutter.
Arbor
cutters
are
those
that
have
a
center
hole
so
they
can
be
mounted
on
an
arbor.
Shank
cutters
have
either
tapered
or
straight
integral
shank.
Those
with
tapered
shanks
can
be
mounted
directly
in
the
milling
machine
spindle,
whereas
straight-shank
cutters
are
held
in
a
chuck.
Facing
cutters
usually
are
bolted
to
the
end
of
a
stub
arbor.
The
common
types
of
milling
cutters,
classified
by
this
system
are
as
follows:
Types
of
Milling
Cutters.
Hain
milling
cutters
are
cylindrical
or
disk-shaped,
having
straight
or
helical
teeth
on
the
periphery.
They
are
used
for
milling
flat
surfaces.
This
type
of
operation
is
called
plai
n
or
slab
milling.
Each
tooth
in
a
helical
cutter
engages
the
work
gradually,
and
usually
more
than
one
tooth
cuts
at
a
given
time.
This
reduces
shock
and
chattering
tendencies
and
promotes
a
smoother
surface.
Consequently,
this
type
of
cutter
usually
is
preferred
over
one
with
straight
teeth.
Side
milling
cutters
are
similar
to
plain
milling
cutters
except
that
the
teeth
extend
radially
part
way
across
one
or
both
ends
of
the
cylinder
toward
the
:center.
The
teeth
may
be
either
straight
or
helical.
Frequently
these
cutters
are
relatively
narrow,
being
disklike
in
shape.
Two
or
more
side
milling
cutters
often
are
spaced
on
an
arbor
to
make
simultaneous,
parallel
cuts,
in
an
operation
called
straddle
milling.
Interlocking
slotting
cutters
consist
of
two
cutters
similar
to
side
mills,
but
made
to
operate
as
a
unit
for
milling
slots.
The
two
cutters
are
adjusted
to
the
desired
width
by
inserting
shims
between
them.Staggered-tooth
milling
cutters
are
narrow
cylindrical
cutters
having
staggered
teeth,
and
with
alternate
teeth
having
opposite
helix
angles.
They
are
ground
to
cut
only
on
the
periphery,
but
each
tooth
also
has
chip
clearance
ground
on
the
protruding
side.
These
cutters
have
a
free
cutting
action
that
makes
them
particnlarly
effective
in
milling
deep
slots.Metal-slitting
saws
are
thin,
plain
milling
cutters,
usually
from
1/32
to
3/16
inch
thick,
which
have
their
sides
slightly
"dished"
to
provide
clearance
and
prevent
binding.
They
usually
have
more
teeth
per
inch
of
diameter
than
ordinary
plain
milling
cutters
and
are
used
for
milling
deep,
narrow
slots
and
for
cutting-off
operations.
铣
削
铣削是机械加工的一个基础方法。在这一加工过程中，当工件沿垂直于旋转刀具轴线方向进给时，在工件上形成并去除切屑从而逐渐地铣出表面。有时候，工件是固定的，而刀具处于进给状态。在大多数情况下，使用多齿刀具，金属切削量大，只需一次铣削就可以获得所期望的表面。在铣削加工中使用的刀具称做铣刀。它通常是一个绕其轴线旋转并且周边带有同间距齿的圆柱体，铣刀齿间歇性接触并切削工件。在某些情况下，铣刀上的刀齿会高出圆柱体的一端或两端。
由于铣削切削金属速度很快，并且能产生良好的表面光洁度，故特别适合大规模生产加工。为了实现这一目的，已经制造出了质量一流的铣床。然而在机修车间和工具模具加工中也已经广泛地使用了非常精确的多功能通用的铣床。车间里拥有一台铣床和一台普通车床就能加工出具有适合尺寸的各种产品。
铣削操作类型：铣削操作可以分成两大种类，每一类又有多种类型。
1．圆周铣削
在圆周铣削中，使用的铣刀刀齿固定在刀体的圆周面上，工件铣削表面与旋转刀具轴线平行，从而加工表面。使用这种方法可以加工出平面和成型表面，加工中表面横截面与刀具的轴向外轮廓相一致。这种加工过程常被称为平面铣削。
2．端面铣削
铣削平面与刀具的轴线垂直，被加工平面是刀具位于周边和端面的齿综合作用形成的。刀具周边齿完成铣削的主要任务，而端面齿用于精铣。
圆周铣削和端面铣削的基本概念，圆周铣削通常使用卧式铣床，而端铣削则既可在卧式铣床又可以在立式铣床上进行。
铣削面的形成：铣削时可以采用两种完全不同的方法。应注意，在逆铣时，铣刀旋转方向与工件进给方向相反，而在顺铣时铣刀旋转与工件进给方向相同。在逆铣过程中，当铣刀齿刚切人工件时，切屑是非常薄的，然后渐渐增厚，在刀齿离开工件的地方，切屑最厚。在两种铣削方法中，切屑的形成是不同的，逆铣过程中，刀具有推动工什丌使工件从工作台上提升的趋势，这种作用有助于消除铣床工作台进给螺杆和螺母间的间隙，从而形成平稳的切削。然而，这种作用也有造成工件与夹紧装置之间的松动的趋势，这时应施加更大的夹紧力。此外，铣削表面的平整度主要取决于切削刃的锋利程度。
顺铣时，最大切屑厚度产生于靠近刀具与工件接触点处。由于相对运动趋于把工件拉向铣刀，如果采用顺铣法，要消除工作台进给螺杆可能产生的松动。因此，对于不能用于顺铣的铣床，不要采用顺铣方法。因为在铣刀结束切削时，处于切线方向的被切材料发生屈服，所以与逆铣相比，顺铣的被加工表面没有什么切痕。顺铣的另一个优势是切削力趋于将工件压紧在工作台上，因此对工件的夹紧力可以小于逆铣。这一优势可以用于铣削较薄的工件或进行强力切削。顺铣的弱点是铣刀齿刚一切削每片铁屑时，刀齿会撞击工件的表面。如果工件表面坚硬，像铸件，就会使刀齿迅速地变钝。
铣刀分类有多种方法，一种方法是根据刀具后角将铣刀分为两大类：
1．仿形铣刀
每个刀齿在切削刃的背面磨了一个很小的棱面形成后角，切削刃可以是直线或曲线的。
2．成形或凸轮形后角铣刀
每个齿的横截面在切削刃的背面呈偏心曲线状，以产生后角。偏心后角的各面与切削刃平行，具有切削刃的相同形状。这种类型的铣刀仅需磨削齿的前刀面就可以变得锋利，只要切削刃的外形保持不变，铣刀的另一种分类方法是根据铣刀安装的方法进行分类。心轴铣刀带有一个中心孔以使铣刀安装在心轴上。带柄铣刀有一锥柄或直柄轴，含锥形轴柄的铣刀可以直接安装在铣床的主轴上，而直柄轴的铣刀则是夹持在卡盘里。—平面铣刀通常用螺栓固定在刀轴的末端上。
根据这种分类方法，通用型的铣刀可分类如下：
心轴铣刀：圆柱形铣刀，角度铣刀，侧刃铣刀，嵌齿铣刀，错齿铣刀，成形铣刀，开槽铣刀，高速切削刀。
带柄铣刀：端面铣刀，T形槽铣刀，整体式铣刀，半圆键座铣刀，套式铣刀，高速切削刀，空心铣刀。
铣刀的类型
圆柱形铣刀是在圆周上有直的或螺旋形的齿的圆柱形或盘形铣刀。它们可以用来铣削平面，这种铣削称做平面铣削。螺旋形的铣刀上的每个齿是逐渐地接触工件，在给定的时间内，一般有多齿进行铣削，这样可以减少震动，获得一个较平滑的表面。因此，与直齿铣刀相比，这种类型的铣刀，通常使用得更多。
’
侧刃铣刀的齿除了在圆柱刀体的一端或两端向径向延伸之外，与圆柱形铣刀是相似的。侧刃铣刀的刀齿既可以是直线的，也可以是螺旋形的，这种铣刀一般较窄小，具有盘形的形状。在跨式铣削加工中，常常将两个或更多的侧刃铣刀同时相间地安装在一个刀杆上同步并行切削。
双联槽铣刀是由两个侧刃铣刀组成，但是在铣槽时，作为一组铣刀进行操作。在两个铣刀之间添加一些薄垫片，以调整之间的间距。
错齿铣刀是较薄的圆柱形铣刀，刀上有相互交错的刀齿，相邻刀齿具有相反的螺旋角。这种铣刀经研磨后仅用于周铣，在每个齿突出的一边，留有供切屑排出的缝隙。这种类型的铣刀可用于高速切削，在铣削深槽时可以发挥独特的作用。
开槽铣刀是一种薄型的圆柱形铣刀，厚度一般为1／32—3／16英寸。这种铣刀的侧面呈盘状，有间隙，可以防止粘连。与圆柱形铣刀相比，这种类型的铣刀每英寸直径上的齿数更多，通常用于铣削较深的、狭窄的槽，并可用于切割加工。
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