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詹姆斯士兵10

来源:建材加盟网 | 时间:2017-04-20 05:56:20 | 移动端:詹姆斯士兵10

篇一:100本社会学著作

1997年,455位国际社会学协会的成员每个人投票选出5本20世纪出版的对自己最有影响的社会学著作,最终共有978本社会学著作上榜,其中有100本著作被4位以上的人提到。被提到最多的著作是韦伯的《经济与社会》。

1 .Weber, Max:Economy and Society

马克斯.韦伯:《经济与社会》

2 .Mills, Charles Wright:The Sociological Imagination

查尔斯.赖特.米尔斯:《社会学的想象力》

3 .Merton, Robert K.:Social Theory and Social Structure

罗伯特.默顿:《社会理论与社会结构》

4 .Weber, M.:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

马克斯.韦伯:《新教伦理与资本主义社会》

5 .Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T.:The Social Construction of Reality

彼得.柏格,汤姆斯.卢克曼:《知识社会学:社会实体的建构》

6 .Bourdieu, Pierre:Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste 皮埃尔.布迪厄:《区隔:趣味判断的社会学批判》

7 .Elias, Norbert:The Civilizing Process

诺伯特.埃利亚斯:《文明的进程》

8. Habermas, Jürgen:The Theory of Communicative Action

尤尔根.哈贝马斯:《交往行动理论》

9 .Parsons, Talcott:The Structure of Social Action

塔尔科特.帕森斯:《社会行动的结构》

10.Goffman, Erving:The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life

欧尔文.戈夫曼:《日常生活的自我呈现》

11. Mead, George Herbert:Mind, Self and Society

乔治.赫伯特.米德:《心灵、自我与社会》

12. Parsons, Talcott:The Social System

塔尔科特.帕森斯:《社会系统》

13. Durkheim, Emile:The Elementary Forms of Religious Life

爱弥尔.涂尔干:《宗教生活的其本形式》

14. Giddens, Anthony:The Constitution of Society

安东尼.吉登斯:《社会的构成》

15. Wallerstein, Immanuel:The Modern World-System

伊曼纽尔.沃勒斯坦:《现代世界体系》

16. Foucault, Michel:Discipline and Punish : the Birth of the Prison

米歇尔.福柯:《规训与惩罚:监狱的诞生》

17. Kuhn, Thomas S.:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

托马斯.库恩:《科学革命的结构》

18. Simmel, Georg:Sociology

格奥尔格.齐美尔:《社会学》

19. Beck, Ulrich:Risk Society

乌尔里希.贝克:《风险社会》

20. Braverman, Harry:Labour and Monopoly Capital

哈里.布雷弗曼:《劳动与垄断资本——二十世纪中劳动的退化》

21.Adorno, Theodor W. and Horkheimer, Max:Dialectic of Enlightenment西奥多·阿多诺,麦克斯·霍克海默:《启蒙辩证法》

22.Gramsci, Antonio:Prison Notebooks

安东尼奥.葛兰西:《狱中札记》

23. Coleman, James Samuel:Foundations of Social Theory

詹姆斯.萨缪尔.科尔曼:《社会理论的基础》

24.Habermas, Jürgen:Knowledge and Human Interests

尤尔根.哈贝马斯:《知识与人类利益》

25.Moore, B.:The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

巴林顿.摩尔:《民主与专制的社会起源》

26.Polanyi, Karl:The Great Transformation

卡尔.波兰尼:《大转型》

27. Blau, Peter Michael and Duncan, Otis Dudley:The American Occup

彼得.布劳,奥迪斯.戴德里.邓肯:《美国职业结构》

28. Gouldner, Alvin W.:The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology

阿尔文.古德纳:《西方社会学即将到来的危机》

29. Luhmann, Niklas:Social Systems

尼克拉斯.卢曼:《社会系统》

30. Mannheim, Karl:Ideology and Utopia

卡尔.曼海姆:《意识形态与乌托邦》

31. Becker, Howard S.:Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance

霍华德.贝克尔:《局外人:越轨的社会学研究》

32. Marx, Karl:Capital. A Critique of Political Economy

卡尔.马克思:《资本论》

33. Olson, Mancur:The Logic Collective Action

曼库尔·奥尔森:《集体行动的逻辑》

34. Durkheim, Emile:The Division of Labor in Society

爱弥尔.涂尔干:《劳动分工论》

35. Durkheim, Emile:The Rules of Sociological Method

爱弥尔.涂尔干:《社会学方法的准则》

36. Garfinkel, Harold:Studies in Ethnomethodology

哈罗德.加芬克尔:《常人方法学研究》

37. Goffman, Erving:Asylums

欧尔文.戈夫曼:《避难所》

38. Lipset, Seymour Martin:Political Man

西摩.马丁.李普塞特:《政治人》

39. Mills, Charles Wright:The Power Elite

查尔斯.赖特.米尔斯:《权力精英》

40. Bourdieu, Pierre:The Logic of Practice

皮埃尔.布迪厄:《实践的逻辑》

41. Cardoso, Fernando Heique and, Faletto, Enzo:Dependency and Development in Latin America

费南多.恩希齐.卡多索,恩佐.法雷图:《拉丁美洲的依附与发展》

42. Dahrendorf, R.:Class and Class Conflict in an Industrial Society

拉夫.达伦多夫:《工业社会中的阶级与阶级冲突》

43. Giddens, Anthony:The Consequences of Modernity

安东尼.吉登斯:《现代性的后果》

44. Goffman, Erving:Stigma

欧尔文.戈夫曼:《污记》

45. Kanter, R.M.:Men and Women of the Corporation

罗莎贝丝.坎特:《公司里的男人和女人》

46. Schütz, Alfred:The Phenomenology of the Social World

阿尔弗雷德.舒茨:《社会世界的现象学》

47. Berger, Peter L.:Invitation to Sociology

彼得.柏格:《社会学的邀请》

48. Bourdieu, Pierre and Passeron, Jean-Claude:Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture

皮埃尔.布迪厄,让-克劳得.帕松:《教育、社会和文化中的再生产》

49. Etzioni, Amitai:The Active Society

阿米泰.埃奇奥尼:《积极的社会》

50. Glaser, Barney G. and Strauss, Anselm L.:The Discovery of Grounded Theory 巴尼.格拉斯,安瑟伦.斯特劳斯:《扎根理论的发现》

51. Habermas, J.:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere

尤尔根.哈贝马斯:《公共领域的结构转型》

52. Sorokin, Pitirim A.:Social and Cultural Dynamics

皮特林.索罗金:《社会和文化的动力》

53. Touraine, A.:Production de la societe

阿兰.图海纳:《社会的生产》

54. Weber, Max:Sociology of Religion

马克斯.韦伯:《宗教社会学》

55. Weber, Max:The Methodology of the Social Sciences

马克斯.韦伯:《社会科学方法论》

56. Arendt, Hannah:The Origins of Totalitarianism

汉娜.阿伦特:《极权主义的起源》

57. Boudon, Raymond:The Logic of Social Action

雷蒙.布东:《社会行动的逻辑》

58. Braudel, Fernand:Civilization and Capitalism

费尔南·布罗代尔:《文明和资本主义》

59. Durkheim, Emile:The Suicide

爱弥尔.涂尔干:《自杀论》

60. Geertz, Clifford:The Interpretation of Cultures

柯利弗德.格尔兹:《文化的阐释》

61. Giddens, Anthony:Sociology

安东尼.吉登斯:《社会学》

62. Janowitz, Morris:The Professional Soldier

莫里斯.加诺维:《职业士兵》

63. Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix and Rosenberg, Morris:The Language of Social Research 保尔.拉扎斯菲尔德,莫里斯.罗森伯格:《社会研究的语言》

64. Lukács, Georg:History and Class Consciousness

格奥尔格.卢卡奇:《历史与阶级意识》

65. Mies, Maria:Patriarchy and Accumulation on World Scale

玛丽亚.密斯:《父权制与世界范围内的资本积累》

66. Nisbet, Robert A.:The Sociological Tradition

罗伯特.尼斯贝特:《社会学传统》

67. Palmer Thompson, Eric:The Making English Labour Class

埃里克.汤普森:《英国工人阶级的形成》

68. Riesman, David:The Lonely Crowd

大卫.里斯曼:《孤独的人群》

69. Schütz, Alfred:Collected Papers

阿尔弗雷德.舒茨:《舒茨文选》

70. Simmel, Georg:The Philosophy of Money

格奥尔格.齐美尔:《货币哲学》

71. Whyte, William Foote:Street Corner Society

威廉.富特.怀特:《街角社会》

72. Alexander, Jeffrey C.:Theoretical Logic in Sociology

杰弗里.亚历山大:《社会学的理论逻辑》

73. Althusser, L.:Reading Capital

路易斯.阿尔都塞:《阅读<资本论>》

74. Anderson, Benedict:Imagined Communities

本尼迪克.安德森:《想像的共同》

75. Arendt, Hannah:The Human Condition

汉娜.阿伦特:《人的境况》

76. Baumann, Zygmunt:Postmodern Ethics

齐格蒙特.鲍曼:《后现代伦理学》

77. Beauvoir, Simone de:The Second Sex

西蒙.波伏娃:《第二性》

78. Benedict, Ruth:Patterns of Culture

鲁斯.本尼迪克特:《文化模式》

79. Blumer, Herbert:Symbolic Interactionism. Perspective and Method

赫伯特.布鲁默:《符号互动论:视角与方法》

80. Boudon, Raymond:The Unintended Consequences of Social Action

雷蒙.布东:《社会行动的意外后果》

81. Bourdieu, Pierre:Outline of a Theory Practice

皮埃尔.布迪厄:《实践理论大纲》

82. Castells, Manuel:The Urban Question

曼纽尔.卡斯特尔:《都市问题》

83. Crozier, Michel J.:The Bureaucratic Phenomenon

米歇尔.克罗齐埃:《科层现象》

84. Crozier, Michel J. and Friedberg, Erhard:Actors and Systems

米歇尔.克罗齐埃,埃哈尔.费埃德伯格:《行动者与系统》

85. Fanon, Frantz:The Wretched of the Earth

弗朗茨.法农:《地球上的不幸者》

86. Friedmann, G.:Problemes humains du machinisme industriel

乔治斯.弗里德曼:《工业社会》

87. Gans, Herbert J.:The Urban Villagers

赫伯特.甘斯:《城市村民》

88. Gerth, H.H. and Mills, Ch.W.:From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology 汉斯.格斯,赖特.米尔斯:《马克思·韦伯:社会学论文集》

89. Giddens, Anthony:New Rules of the Sociological Method

安东尼.吉登斯:《社会学方法的新规则》

90. Giddens, Anthony:Modernity and Self-Identity

安东尼.吉登斯:《现代性与自我认同》

91. Goffman, Erving:Frame Analysis

欧尔文.戈夫曼:《框架分析》

92. Hughes, Everett Charrington:The Sociological Eye

埃弗雷特.休斯:《社会学见解》

93. Mann, Michael:The Sources of Social Power

迈克尔.曼:《社会权力的来源》

94. Marx, Karl:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

卡尔.马克思:《1844年经济学和哲学手稿》

95. Mauss, Marcel:The Gift

马塞尔.莫斯:《论礼物》

96. Popper, Karl R.:The Logic of Scientific Discovery

卡尔.波普尔:《科学发现的逻辑》

97. Poulantzas, Nicos:Political Power and Social Class

尼科斯.普兰查斯:《政治权力与社会阶级》

98. Sorokin, Pitirim A.:Social and Cultural Mobility

皮特林.索罗金:《社会和文化动力》

99 .Thomas, William Isaac and Znaniecki, Florian:The Polish Peasant in Europe and America

威廉.伊萨克.托马斯,兹纳涅茨基:《身处欧美的波兰农民》

100 .Wittgenstein, Ludwig:Philosophical Investigations

路德维希.维特根斯坦:《哲学研究》

篇二:案例决策分析

案例决策分析

简介:

诺曼底战役发生在1944年,是第二次世界大战中盟军在欧洲西线战场发起的一场大规模攻势。这场战役盟军计划在1944年6月6日展开,8月25日解放巴黎后结束。诺曼底战役是目前为止世界上最大的一次海上登陆作战,牵涉接近三百万士兵渡过英吉利海峡前往诺曼底。

案例:

1944年6月4日,盟军集中45个师,1万多架飞机,各型舰船几千艘,即将开始规模宏大的诺曼底登陆作战。就在这关键时刻,在大西洋上的气象船和气象飞机却发来令人困扰的消息:今后三天,英吉利海峡将在低压槽控制之下,舰船出航十分危险。盟军最高统帅艾森豪威尔面对恶劣的英吉利海峡一筹莫展。盟军司令部的司令官们都知道,登陆战役发起的“D”日,对气象、天文、潮汐这三种自然因素条件也有要求。就在大家几乎束手无策时,盟军联合气象组的负责人、气象学家斯塔戈提出一份预报,有一股冷风正向英吉利海峡移动,在冷风过后和低压槽到来之前,可能会出现一段转好的天气。当时,联合气象组对6日的天气又作了一次较为详细的预报:上午情,夜间转阴。这种天气虽不理想,但能满足登岸的起码条件。艾森豪威尔沉思片刻,果断做出最后决定:“好,我们行动吧!”后来虽因天气不好,使盟军空降兵损失了60%的装备,汹涌的海浪使一些登陆战船沉没,轰炸投弹效果差,但诺曼底登陆作战一举成功,却是不可否认的

事实。

评论艾森豪威尔的决策

案例背景:

早在1941年9月,斯大林就向丘吉尔提出在欧洲开辟第二战场对德国实施战略夹击的要求,但当时美国尚未参战,英国根本无力组织这样大规模的战略登陆作战。

1943年5月,英美华盛顿会议,决定于1944年5月在欧洲大陆实施登陆,开辟第二战场。几经权衡比较,“考萨克”选择了诺曼底,于1943年6月26日起制定具体计划,以“霸王”为作战方案的代号,以“海王”为相关海军行动的代号。 1943年8月,英美魁北克会议批准“霸王”计划。

1943年11月,英美苏德黑兰会议确定于1944年5月发动“霸王”行动。

1943年12月,美国陆军上将艾森豪威尔被任命为欧洲同盟国远征军最高司令,于1944年1月2日抵达伦敦就任。

决策内容:

战役目的是横渡英吉利海峡,在法国北部夺取一个战略性登陆场,为开辟欧洲第二战场最终击败德国创造条件。

从荷兰符利辛根到法国瑟堡长达480千米的海岸线上,以此条件衡量,有三处地区较为合适:康坦丁半岛、加莱和诺曼底。再进一步比较,康坦丁半岛地形狭窄,不便于展开大部队,最先被否决。加莱和诺曼底各有利弊,加莱的优点是距英国最近,仅33千米,而且靠

近德国本土;缺点是德军在此防御力量最强,守军是精锐部队,工事完备坚固,并且附近无大港口,也缺乏内陆交通线,不利于登陆后向纵深发展。诺曼底虽然距离英国较远,但优点一是德军防御较弱,二是地形开阔,可同时展开30个师,三是距法国北部最大港口瑟堡仅80公里。几经权衡比较,盟军选择了诺曼底。

进攻诺曼底在登陆的前一天晚上展开,空降兵空降作战、大规模的空中轰炸。而两栖登陆战则在6月6日早上开始。在登陆前,“D-Day”的军队主要部署在英格兰南部沿海地区,尤其在朴茨茅斯。 决策风险:

天气因素。登陆对英吉利海峡的气象条件要求苛刻,仅仅预测 6月6日将有12小时的晴好天气,之后天气将继续恶劣下去,但10天之后,会有数天的晴好天气。这仅仅能满足登陆的起码要求,如果艾森豪威尔为找一个适合登陆的十全十美的好天气,而延期登陆,后果将不堪设想,诺曼底登陆很可能化为泡影。

客观因素。如果德军识破登陆意图,并调动强大的防御工事,很可付出惨重代价,甚至影响整个欧洲战场。

决策环境:

盟军的准备。战略欺骗,使得德军统帅部判断错误,不仅保障了登陆作战的突然性,还保证了战役顺利进行,对整个战役具有重大影响。盟军通过海空军的卓有成效的佯动,成功运用了双重特工、电子干扰,以及在英国东南部地区伪装部队及船只的集结等一系列措施,还让巴顿将军在英国进行战前演说,再加上严格的保密措施,使德军

统帅部在很长时间里对盟军登陆地点、时间都做出了错误判断,以为盟军将在诺曼底东北方的加莱海滩登陆,甚至在盟军诺曼底登陆后仍认为是牵制性的佯攻,这就导致了德军在西线的大部分兵力、兵器被浪费在加莱地区,而在诺曼底则因兵力单薄无法抵御盟军的登陆。同时,还找到一个和蒙哥马利长得极像的人,詹姆斯在北非冒充蒙哥马利,使得隆美尔以为蒙哥马利一直在北非。

当时气象条件不容乐观。登陆对英吉利海峡气象条件要求苛刻,仅仅预测 6月6日将有12小时的晴好天气,之后天气将继续恶劣下去,但10天之后,会有数天的晴好天气。

德军防御松懈。登陆在即之时,诺曼底德军最高指挥官隆美尔深信盟军不可能在如此恶劣的天气里登陆,便请了四天假,回去为他的太太过生日去了。致使德军防御松懈,难以做出应急反应。 艾森豪威尔决策成功因素

盟军做出完善的战前准备是成功的前提。组织了战略欺骗,使德军统帅部判断错误,盟军掌握绝对制空、制海权,并进行了充足的物资准备和周密的侦察保障。

成功避免了恶劣天气是登陆作战的关键。登陆对英吉利海峡的气象条件要求苛刻,仅仅预测 6月6日将有12小时的晴好天气,之后天气将继续恶劣下去,可满足登陆的起码要求。

正确把握住时机,艾森豪威尔做出了正确决策。事实表明,仅仅在登陆成功一周后,德军威力无比的杀手锏巡航导弹首次投入使用。如果艾森豪威尔并未果断做出登陆决定,而选择更为稳妥的天气条件,

无疑将会错失良机,并为延期的登陆埋下严重的隐患。从这个角度看,艾森豪威尔的决策无疑是正确的。在后来艾森豪威尔回忆中也感叹道 “上帝只给了我12个小时,幸运的事,我抓住了它。”

诺曼底登陆的影响

诺曼底登陆的胜利,宣告了盟军在欧洲大陆第二战场的开辟,意味着纳粹德国陷入两面作战 ,减轻了苏军的压力,协同苏军有力的攻克柏林,迫使法西斯德国提前无条件投降。美军从而把主力投入太平洋对日全力作战,加快了第二次世界大战的结束的进程。

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篇三:综合英语一 Unit6

综合英语一 Unit6

1.advocate / ??dv?ke?t; ˋ?dv?ket/ v speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; support 拥护; 提倡; 支持: I advocate a policy of gradual reform. Do you advocate banning cars in the city centre? > advocate / ??dv?k?t; ˋ?dv?k?t/ n

~ (of sth) person who supports or speaks in favour of a cause, policy, etc (对一事业﹑ 方针﹑ 政策等的)支持者, 拥护者, 鼓吹者, 提倡者: a lifelong advocate of disarmament 为裁军奋斗终生的人.

person who pleads on behalf of another, esp a lawyer who presents a client's case in a lawcourt 律师.

(idm 习语) devil's advocate => .

2.associate 1 / ??s?u???t; ?ˋso???t/ adj [attrib 作定语]

joined or allied with a profession or organization (与某职业或组织)联合的, 联盟的, 合伙的: an associate judge 陪审法官 * the associate producer of a film 联合制片人.

having a lower level of membership than full members 准的(会员): Associate members do not have the right to vote. 准会员没有选举权.

> associate n

1 partner; colleague; companion 合伙人; 同事; 伙伴: one's business associates 业务合伙人 * They are associates in crime. 他们是共犯.

2 associate member 准会员.

associate 2 / ??s?u??e?t; ?ˋso???et/ v

~ sb/sth (with sb/sth) join (people or things) together; connect (ideas, etc) in one's mind 将(人或事物)联系起来; 在头脑中联想(主意等): You wouldn't normally associate these two writers their styles are completely different. * Whisky is usually associated with Scotland. * I always associate him with fast cars.

[Ipr] ~ with sb act together with or often deal with sb 与某人交往或常打交道: I don't like you associating with such people.

~ oneself with sth declare or show that one is in agreement with sth 声称或表示自己赞同某事物: I have never associated myself with political extremism. 我从来不赞同政治上的极端主义.

3.capable

/ ?ke?p?bl; ˋkep?bl/ adj

having (esp practical) ability; able; competent 有(尤指实际的)能力的; 有能力的; 能胜任的: a very capable woman 很能干的女子.

[pred 作表语] ~ of (doing) sth (a) having the ability or power necessary for sth 有做某事所必要的能力或力量: You are capable of better work than this. 你能做得更好. * Show me what you are capable of, ie how well you can work. 让我看看你有什麽本事. * He is capable of running a mile in four minutes. 他能用四分钟跑一英里. (b) have the character or inclination to do sth 有做某事的特长或倾向: He's quite capable of lying (ie It wouldn't be surprising if he lied) to get out of trouble. 他很会蒙混过关(他若撒谎亦不足为奇).

[pred 作表语] ~ of sth (fml 文) (of situations, remarks, etc) open to or allowing sth (指情况﹑ 言语等)可以, 容许: Our position is capable of improvement. 我们的地位可以改善.

> capably adv in a capable(1) way 有能力地: handle a situation, manage a business capably 有能力应付一情况﹑ 处理一事务.

4.career

/ k??r??(r); k?ˋr?r/ n

[C] profession or occupation with opportunities for advancement or promotion 职业; 事业; 生涯: a career in accountancy, journalism, politics, etc 会计﹑ 新闻工作﹑ 政治等生涯 * She chose an academic career. 她选择了学术界职业. * [attrib 作定语] a career diplomat, ie a professional one 职业外交家.

[C] progress through life; development of a political party, etc 生命的历程; 政党等的发展: look back on a successful career 对成功经历的回顾.

[U] quick or violent forward movement 迅速的前进; 猛冲: in full career, ie at full speed 全速前进 * stop sb in mid career, ie as he is rushing along 在他飞奔时止住他.

> career v [Ipr, Ip] move about quickly and often dangerously 猛冲(常为危险地): careering down the road on a bicycle 骑着自行车沿路飞奔而去 * The car careered off the road into a ditch. 汽车冲出路面, 陷进沟里.

careerist / k??r??r?st; k?ˋr?r?st/ n (often derog 常作贬义) person who is keen to advance his or her career by any possible means 不择手段向上爬的人; 野心家.

# ca`reer girl (also ca`reer woman) (esp sexist or derog 尤含性别偏见或贬义) woman who is more interested in a professional career than in eg getting married and having children (视事业重於结婚生子等的)职业妇

5.circumstance

/ ?s??k?mst?ns; ˋs?k?m?st?ns/ n

[C usu pl 通常作复数] condition or fact connected with an event or action 环境; 情形; 情况: What were the circumstances of/surrounding her death? ie Where, when and how did she die? 她是在什麽情况下死的? (她是在何地﹑ 何时及如何死的?) * She was found dead in suspicious circumstances, ie She may have been murdered. 她死的情形可疑(她可能是被谋杀的). * He was a victim of circumstance(s), ie What happened to him was beyond his control. 他是客观环境的牺牲者(他所遇到的事是他无法控制的). * Circumstances forced us to change our plans. 客观情况迫使我们改变了计划.

circumstances [pl] financial position 经济状况: What are his circumstances? 他的经济状况如何? * in easy/poor circumstances, ie having much/not enough money 处於富裕

[贫穷]境况.

(idm 习语) in/under the `circumstances this being the case; such being the state of affairs 在这种情况下; 情形既然如此: Under the circumstances (eg because the salary offered was too low) he felt unable to accept the job. 在这种情况下(如所提的薪金太低), 他觉得无法接受这项工作. * She coped well in the circumstances, eg even though she was

feeling ill. 她在这种情况下仍处理得当(如虽然身体不适). in/under no circumstances in no case; never 在任何情况下决不; 无论如何不: Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 你无论如何都不该把钱借给他. in straitened circumstances => . pomp and circumstance => .

6.cite

/ sa?t; sa?t/ v [Tn]

(a) speak or write (words taken from a passage, a book, an author, etc); quote 引用; 引述: She cited (a verse from) (a poem by) Keats. 她引述济慈(诗中的)词句. (b) mention (sth) as an example or to support an argument; refer to 引证(某事物)(为例或以支持一论点): She cited the high unemployment figures as evidence of the failure of government policy. 她引证庞大的失业数字以证明政府政策的失误.

(US) officially commend (esp a soldier) for bravery; mention 表扬(尤指士兵)勇敢; 嘉奖; 表彰: He was cited in dispatches. 他在战报中受到表扬.

(law 律) summon (sb) to appear in a court of law 召(某人)出庭; 传讯: be cited in divorce proceedings 因离婚案被传讯.

> citation / sa??te??n; sa?ˋte??n/ n

1 (a) [U] action of citing sth 引用; 引述; 引证. (b) [C] passage cited; quotation 引文; 引语; 语录: Some dictionary writers use citations to show what words mean. 有些辞典的编纂者用引文作例证以解释词义.

2 [C] (US) (a) official commendation of a soldier for bravery (对某士兵的勇敢的)表扬, 表彰, 嘉奖. (b) written description of the reasons for this (说明某士兵勇敢的)嘉奖令.

7.decline 1

/ d??kla?n; d?ˋkla?n/ v

[I, Tn, Tt] say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politely 拒绝(接受某物); (通常指)谢绝: I invited her to join us, but she declined. 我邀请她和我们在一起, 可是她婉言谢绝了. * decline an invitation to dinner 谢绝宴请 * He declined to discuss his plans. 他拒绝讨论他的计划.

[I] become smaller, weaker, fewer, etc; diminish 变小; 变弱; 变少: Her influence declined after she lost the election. 她落选後其影响力大为降低. * a declining birth-rate 逐渐下降的出生率 * declining sales 销售量下降 * He spent his declining years (ie those at the end of his life) in the country. 他在乡村度过晚年.

(grammar) (a) [Tn] vary the endings of (nouns and pronouns) according to their

function in a sentence 改变(名词和代词)的词尾(根据其在句中的作用). (b) [I] (of nouns and pronouns) vary in this way (指名词和代词)按此方式变化.

decline 2

/ d??kla?n; d?ˋkla?n/ n

~ (in sth) gradual and continuous loss of strength, power, numbers, etc; declining (力

量﹑ 权力﹑ 数量等的)消减: the decline of the Roman Empire 罗马帝国的衰亡 * a decline in population, prices, popularity 人口﹑ 价格﹑ 声望的降低.

(idm 习语) fall/go into a de`cline lose strength, influence, etc 失去力量﹑ 影响等: After his wife's death, he fell into a decline. 他在妻子死後一蹶不振. * The company has gone into a decline because of falling demand. 由於市场需求下降, 这家公司的生意每况愈下. on the de`cline becoming weaker, fewer, etc 在消减; 在衰退: She is on the decline, and may die soon. 她身体越来越弱, 恐不久於人世. * The number of robberies in the area is on the decline. 这地区的劫案在减少.

8.despite

/ d??spa?t; d?ˋspa?t/ prep without being affected by (the factors mentioned) 尽管; 不管; 不顾: They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather. 尽管天气不好, 他们的假日还是过得极为愉快. * Despite wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letters. 她尽管很想再见到他, 但却不愿给他回信. * Despite what others say, I think he's a very nice chap. 不管别人怎麽说, 我仍认为他这个人很好. Cf 参看 ().

9.elderly

/ ?eld?l?; ˋ?ld?l?/ adj (often euph 常作委婉语) (of people) rather old; past middle age (指人)相当老的, 过了中年的, 上了年纪的: He's very active for an elderly man. 按老年人来说, 他非常活跃. =>Usage at old 用法见old

10.elect

/ ??lekt; ?ˋl?kt/ v

[Tn, Tn.pr, Cn.n, Cn.t] ~ sb (to sth) choose sb by vote 选举某人: They elected a new president. 他们选举出一位新总统. * She was elected to parliament last year. 她去年被选进议会. * We elected James (to be) chairman. 我们选出詹姆斯当主席.

[Tt] (fml 文) choose or decide (to do sth) 选择或决定(做某事): She elected to become a lawyer. 她决定当律师.

> elect adj (after the n) chosen for a position but not yet occupying it (在名词後)当选而尚未就职的: the president elect 候任总统.

the elect n [pl v] (fml 文) people specially selected as the best 特别精选出来的人.

11.equivalent

/ ??kw?v?l?nt; ?ˋkw?v?l?nt/ adj ~ (to sth) equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc (价值﹑ 数量﹑ 意义﹑ 重要性等)相同的: What is 5 equivalent to in French francs? 5英镑相当於多少法国法郎? * 250 grams or an equivalent amount in ounces250克或与之相当的盎司.

> equivalence / -l?ns; -l?ns/ n

[U] state or quality of being equivalent 均等; 等量.

[C] thing that is equivalent 相等物.

equivalent n thing, amount or word that is equivalent 相等的事物或数量; 对应词: the metric equivalent of two miles 两英里的公制等距 * Is there a French word that is the exact equivalent of the English word `home'? 法语中有没有和英语home完全一样的对应词?

12.esteen

/ ??sti?m; ?ˋstim/ v (fml 文) (not used in the continuous tenses 不用於进行时态)

[Tn] have a high opinion of (sb/sth); respect greatly 尊重, 尊敬(某人[某事物]): I esteem his work highly. 我非常尊重他的工作.

[Cn.n] consider; regard 考虑; 认为: I esteem it a privilege to address such a distinguished audience. 我认为能向各位贵宾演讲十分荣幸.

> esteem n high regard; favourable opinion 尊重; 看重: Since he behaved so badly he's gone down in my esteem, ie I do not esteem him so highly. 他表现非常恶劣, 使我对他的看法一落千丈. * She is held in great/high/low esteem by those who know her well. 熟悉她的人都极为[甚为/不太]尊重她.

13.estimate 1

/ ?est?m?t; ˋ?st?m?t/ n

judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth 估计; 估价: I can give you a rough estimate of the number of bricks you will need. 我可大略估算一下你需要多少砖. * This is an outside estimate of the price, ie an estimate of the highest probable price. 这是最高的估价.

statement of the price a builder, etc will probably charge for doing specified work (营造商等对承建工程的)报价: We got estimates from three different contractors before accepting the lowest. 我们得到三个承包商的报价後, 接受了价钱最低的. Cf 参看 4.

judgement of the character or qualities of sb/sth (对某人[事物]性格或质量的)判断: I don't know her well enough to form an estimate of her abilities. 我对她不太了解, 无法对她的能力作出判断.

estimate 2

/ ?est?me?t; ˋ?st??met/ v

[Tn, Tn.pr, Tnt, Tf, Tw] ~ sth (at sth) form an approximate idea of sth; calculate roughly the cost, size, value, etc of sth 估计: We estimated his income at/to be about 8000 a year. 我们估计他一年的收入大约8000英镑. * She estimated that the work would take three months. 她估计这项工作需要三个月. * Can you estimate its length/how long it is? 你能估计其长度[它有多长]吗?


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