篇一：诸葛亮《前出师表》赏析
诸葛亮《前出师表》赏析
摘要：《前出师表》是中国三国时代蜀汉丞相诸葛亮写给后主的一篇表。表文以恳切的言辞，针对当时的局势，反复劝勉后主要继承先主刘备的遗志，开张圣听，赏罚严明，亲贤远佞，以完成“兴复汉室”的大业，表达了作者审慎勤恳、以伐魏兴汉为己任的忠贞之志和诲诫后主不忘先帝遗愿的孜孜之意，情感真挚，文笔酣畅，是古代散文中的杰出作品。历来以战名世者甚众，以表传后者颇少。惟独诸葛亮的《出师表》不仅存之典册，而且粲然于文苑。 关键词：恳切委婉 忠贞之志 起笔峥嵘 思路开阔 文势跌宕
“表”是古代文体的一种，专为臣下对君王进行陈述求情时使用，类似的还有“章”、“奏”、“议”等。
公元221年，刘备称帝，诸葛亮为丞相。223年，刘备病死，将刘禅托付给诸葛亮。诸葛亮实行了一系列比较正确的政治和经济措施，使蜀汉境内呈现兴旺景象。为了实现统一，诸葛亮在平息南方叛乱之后，于227年决定北上伐魏，临行之前上书后主，这就是《出师表》。 《出师表》前半部分是临行时的进谏，后半部分乃表明此行夺胜的决心。刘禅虽为蜀主，而蜀之安危成败，实系于诸葛亮之身，因而率众出征时，当促使后主保持清醒的头脑，具备正确的观点，采取得力的措施，才能保证前方顺利进军；同时表明自己忠贞死节之心，既是自勉自励，也是预防小人惑主。
表文的第一部分，诸葛亮向后主提出三项建议：广开言路，执法公平，亲贤远佞。这三项建议，既是安定后方的措施，也是施政的正理。为了治愚医顽，作者在行文上颇费心思。
一、由势入理，起笔峥嵘。表文第一节向后主提出“开张圣听”的建议，可是却从形势叙起，这能起振聋发聩的作用，又能激发继承遗志的感情。表文开笔即言“先帝创业未半而中道崩殂”，深痛刘备壮志未酬身先死，深诫后人继承父业不可废，以追念先帝功业的语句领起，至忠至爱之情统领了全文。继而以“今天下三分”，点明天下大势，逐鹿中原，尚不知鹿死谁手；复直言“益州疲敝”，自身条件很差，地少将寡，民穷地荒；进而大声疾呼：“此诚危急存亡之秋也!”大有危在旦夕之势，如不救亡存国，将会出现国破身亡的惨局，笔势陡峭，峥嵘峻拔。在凸显形势的情况下，垫以“侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外”，他们不忘先帝恩德，不改对后主的忠心，转危为安，化险为夷还是有依傍的，有力量的，有希望的。在这样的基础上，提出“开张圣听”，“以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气”的建议，规劝不可“妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路”。表文将是否广开言路，从关系国家存亡的角度来谈，从关系忠于先帝的高度来说，使人闻之惊心，思之动心。如果表文只是一般地申述广开言路的意义，平平道来，那对一个昏聩愚钝的君主来说，显然是不会有多大触动的。
二、由主而次，肌理缜密。以情动人，更要以理服人。说理应主次分明，先后有序。表文主要是向后主进言的，因而首揭“开张圣听”，以打开进言之路。在打通了忠谏之路的前提下，再言执法公平、亲贤远佞两项。谈执法公平，又先总提“宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同”，继而就宫中、府中两方面分述之。分述时，又切紧“开张圣听”的精神，宫中之事，向郭攸之、费、董允这些志虑忠纯之士请教，而且要“事无大小，悉以咨之”，则“必能裨补缺漏，有所广益”。对于府中之事，向“性行淑均，晓畅军事”的向宠请教，“营中之事，悉以咨之”，也“必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所”。最后提出“亲贤臣，远小人”的问题。三项建议，既可独立成项，又相互关联。广开言路，是开的忠谏之路，而非为谗邪开方便之门。亲贤臣远小人，才能广纳郭攸之、向宠等人的良言，才能“昭平民之理”，不让奸邪得势，造成内外异法，赏罚不明。君主昏庸，主要就在于贪于私欲，蔽于视听，昧于事理，因而忠奸不分，贤愚不辨，是非不清，赏罚不当。诸葛亮针对后主宠信宦官黄皓，无视创业勋臣的毛病，对症施药，又说得委婉深曲，入情合理。所列三项，广开言路是前提，执法公平是关键，亲贤远佞是核心。严密的说理，再愚的人也会得到启发。
三、由近及远，思路开阔。表文为了说明亲贤远佞的利弊，以先汉的“兴隆”和“倾颓”的历史事实，作为前车之鉴，并以先帝叹息痛恨桓帝、灵帝昏庸误国为告诫，促使后主亲信贤臣，并以“汉室兴隆，可计日而待”为鼓励，由近及远，借古鉴今，成败并举，显得衢路交通，经纬成文。
表文的第二部分，由叙自己生平而至言伐魏的意义，进而表明自己“兴复汉室，还于旧都”的决心，也写得慷慨深沉，动人心魄。
四、由人到己，文势跌宕。表文从第一部分的进谏，到第二部分，忽以“臣本布衣”起笔，另入蹊径，别开生面。叙写自己二十一年来的情况，历数先帝之殊遇，——一是三顾茅庐使之出山效命，一是倾覆之际使之出任丞相，使之由布衣身份一跃而为极位重臣，由躬耕隐士一举而成三军主帅。这一节叙述，好像是逸枝衍蔓，与上下文联系不紧。其实，它与上下文貌分神合，明疏实密。这是因为：第一，追溯二十一年的殊遇，披露感恩戴德之情，说明以上进言纯属忠谏，叫后主听来觉得舒徐入耳。第二，以自身不负先帝殊遇舍命驱驰，作为后主不忘先人之业的榜样，进一步启发后主奋发图强。第三，二十一年不平凡历程，说明创业艰难，激励其不可半途而废，更不能前功尽弃。第四，写出先帝的榜样，不以孔明“卑鄙”，猥自枉屈，三顾茅庐，事不分大小，悉以咨之，于败军之际，危难之间，仍委以重任，可见他任人唯贤，唯才是举，叫后主效法先帝知人善任。第五，表明自己二十一年如一日，竭忠尽智，今后仍一如既往，忠心不改，余力不遗，使后主托之以讨贼兴复之任，且可免因率师北伐，小人进谗而不予信任，坏了大局。诸葛亮的这段叙述，系进一步打动后主的心，乐于接受前面的进言，又是临别时的表白，实有深衷曲意。文章由进言转而为自叙生平，宕开了笔墨，使文势波澜起伏，更为可观。
五、由叙而誓，推上高潮。表文继叙二十一年遭际之后，续述白帝托孤后的心情、工作，进而表明北定中原的决心。前面的论世、进言、抒情，到此结穴，出师表文的特点由此完全挑明。追言托孤之事，交代这次出师的历史根源，“受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明”，说明这次出师的思想基础。“五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定”，指出这次出师的物质准备。在充分叙说条件的基础上，提出“当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都”，警拔爽截，铿铿振响，熠熠生光。《出师表》至此才径言出师，切入本题。前面的进言，是为了保证有出师的条件，中间叙事，是说明自身具有出师条件，至此两线归一，提出宜乎出师，也就如瓜熟蒂落，孕足而娩。
表文的第三部分，将前面两部分内容拢合在一起，沟通了内在联系，更表达了作者的审慎勤恳和忠贞之志。
六、归纳前意，总绾全篇。表文结束之前，将出师与谏言两层意思拢合一起。一方面提出“愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪”，另一方面还提出“陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言”，诸葛亮主动领受任务，并表示如失职，甘愿受罚，以显示“平明之理”。最后还不放心，谆谆告诫，要后主“深追先帝遗诏”。先帝临终时训示后主：“勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。惟贤惟德，能服于人。”最后又回复到“开张圣听”的问题上来，可见修明内政与北伐胜败的关系。这也就将前面两部分内容，沟通了内在联系。
表文以“今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言”作结，其声呜咽似泣，其情沛然如注，勤勤恳恳之态如现，耿耿忠心尽袒。
“出师未捷身先死”，可惜诸葛亮此行未能如愿却先逝世，后人对此颇多惋叹。杜甫曾写道：“三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。”（《蜀相》）宋代文天祥身陷囹圄，还高唱“或为《出师表》，鬼神泣壮烈。”（《正气歌》）陆游更是多次提到《出师表》：“《出师》一表通古今，夜半挑灯更细看。”（《病起书怀》）“《出师》一表千载无”（《游诸葛武侯台》），“一表何人继出师”（《七十二岁吟》），“凛然《出师表》，一字不可删。”（《感状》），“《出师》一表真名世，千载谁堪伯仲间。”（《书愤》）总之，这道《出
师表》，因其深情厚意寄翰墨，忠肝义胆照简编，一直为人所乐道。
结语：《出师表》能写到如此地步，决不是偶然的。文章皆有所为而发。时当北伐在即，作为主帅的诸葛亮要向君主上一道表文，他不是作为例行公事，而是从北伐的全局上考虑，只有后主修明政治，才能保证北征顺利，因而先进安后之言，再表夺胜决心。表文又极为注意收表对象的特点，因而决不是一般的上条陈，列述方策，而是熔议论、叙事、抒情于一炉，启愚矫顽。诸葛亮是后主的丞相，又是受“托孤”的对象。他给后主上表文，既不宜用训斥的口吻，又不便用卑下的声气，写得不卑不亢，方为得体。尤其文中连称先帝，最为合宜。全文称先帝凡十三次，显得情词十分恳切。诸葛亮自叙“先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也”，确实“诸葛一生惟谨慎”，细玩本文，从虑事到措词，无不体现了“谨慎”精神，这也是此表被之为“至文”的重要原因。
参考文献：
【1】晋·陈寿 《三国志·蜀书·诸葛亮传》
【2】清·吴楚材、吴调侯 《古文观止·汉文九十五·诸葛亮 前出师表》
【3】仇兆鳌 《杜诗详注·蜀相》
【4】《文天祥集·正气歌》
【5】《陆游集·病起书怀 游诸葛武侯台 七十二岁吟 感状 书愤》
篇二：前出师表 习题答案
二、文学常识
1作者：诸葛亮是三国蜀汉政治家、军事家。字孔明、号卧龙、谥号忠武、后世称其为武侯。
2、表：古代奏议的一种。用于向君主陈说作者的请求和愿望。
三、语音
四、通假字
1、必得裨补阙漏 阙通缺，缺点、疏漏
2、是以先帝简拔以遗陛下 简通检，选拔
3、尔来二十有一年矣有通又，整数后的零头
五、古今异义词
1、先帝不以臣卑鄙 卑鄙：身份低微，出身鄙野。今指品质低劣、下流。
2、由是感激 感激： 感动振奋。今意指激动感谢。
3、未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也 痛恨：痛心遗憾。今指十分憎恨。
4、诚宜开张圣听 开张：扩大。今指商店开始营业。
5、此诚危急存亡之秋也秋：时，时期，时刻 今指四季中一个季节
七、一词多义
1、遗
（1）是以先帝简拔以遗（wèi）陛下。（给予）
（2）深追先帝遗（yí）诏（指死去的人留下的）
2、效
（1）恐托付不效。（成效）。
（2）不效（效果）则治臣之罪
八、重点词语解释
1、遂许先帝以驱驰 （奔走效劳）2、当奖帅三军（激励）
3、臣本布衣：平民 。 4、躬耕于南阳 躬：亲自。
5、后值倾覆 值：遇，遇到。(恰逢，适逢，碰到) 倾覆：兵败。
6、以光先帝遗德 光：发扬光大。 7、恢弘志士之气 恢弘：发扬扩大。
8、引喻失义 义：适当，恰当。 9、宫中府中 宫中：皇宫中。 府中：朝廷中。
10、陟（奖）罚（惩罚）臧（善）否（恶）。 11、论其刑赏 刑：罚。
12、、先帝创业未半而中道崩殂 死开张圣听圣明的听闻 ．．．．
13、夙夜忧叹夙夜：早晚。 14、庶竭驽钝 驽钝：比喻才能平庸。
15、攘除奸凶 攘除：排除、铲除。 16、以彰其咎 彰：表明。
17、则责攸之、依、允等之慢慢：怠慢、疏忽。18、以咨诹善道 咨诹：询问
19、察纳雅言 雅言：正言
20、以昭陛下平明之理 理：治。
21作奸犯科 做奸邪事情，犯科条法令22、猥自枉屈 降低身份 ．．．．．
十一、理解性默写
1、写出文中与“先帝不以臣卑鄙”中的“卑鄙”一词相呼应的语句。（1分） *臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳。
2、作者认为可以出师北伐的条件是什么？
*南方已定，兵甲已足。
3、作者在《出师表》中写到了自己所受到的“先帝之殊遇”，把相关的文字默写出来
*先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事。”“临
崩寄臣怪大事”
4、诸葛亮劝刘禅对宫中、府中官员的赏罚要坚持同一标准的句子是：陟罚臧否，不宜异同；
5、诸葛亮希望后主不要随便看轻自己的句子是：不宜妄自菲薄；
6、诸葛亮向后主提出严明赏罚建议的语句是：若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，（以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
7、《诸葛亮集》中有这样的话："赏不可不平，罚不可不均"。这与《出师表》中的两句“不宜偏私，使内外异法也”一致。
8、《出师表》中叙述诸葛亮追随先帝驱驰原因是：先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，谘臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。
9、表明作者志趣的句子是：苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯；
10、指出出师战略目标的句子是：当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除*凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都；
11、作者向后主提出的三条建议是：①开张圣听；②宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同；③亲贤臣，远小人。(或:广开言路,严明赏罚, 亲贤远佞。)
12、诸葛亮给刘禅建议中最重要的一条是：亲贤臣，远小人(或:亲贤远佞)。
13、在中国男子足球队冲击世界杯屡遭失败的情况下，米卢出任了国家队主教练，这是：“受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间”。
14、《出师表》中说明蜀国当时所处的政治形势的句子是：先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，
15、表现作者无意于功名的句子是：苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯
16、作者是怎样感激先帝的知遇之恩的?*遂许先帝以驱驰
17、作者受命以后，为什么“夙夜忧叹”?*恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明
18、“先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也”，“大事”在本段中具体指什么?用原文中的4个四字短语回答。*北定中原攘除奸凶 兴复汉室 还于旧都
19、诸葛亮认为“陛下亲之信之”的具体做法应当是：①宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行；② 营中之事，悉以咨之。
十二、重点语句翻译
1、此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也
*这是我用来报答先帝，并忠心于陛下的职责本分。
2、此诚危急存亡之秋也 *这真是形势危急，决定存亡的关键时刻啊
3、先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。 *先帝开创大业未完成一半，竟中途去世。如今天下分成三国，我们益州人力疲惫、民生凋敝，这真是处在形势万分危急、决定存亡的关头。
4、宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作*犯科及为忠善者， *宫里的近臣和丞相府统领的官吏，本都是一个整体，奖惩功过、好坏，不应因在宫中或府中而异。
5、亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓 *亲近贤臣，疏远小人，这是前汉能够兴盛的原因；亲近小人，疏远贤臣，这是后汉衰败的原因。
6、此悉贞良死节之臣 *这些都是坚贞可靠，能够以死报国的忠臣。
7、臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯，先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感动，遂许先帝以
驱驰。
*我本是个平民，在南阳郡务农亲耕，在乱世间只求保全性命，不希求诸侯知道我而获得显贵。先帝不介意我身份低微，出身鄙野，委屈地自我降低身份，接连三次到草庐来访看我，征询我对时局大事的意见，因此我深为感动，从而答应为先帝奔走效力。
8、受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。
*在战事失败的时候我接受了任命，在危机患难期间我受到委任。
9、先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。
*先帝知道我谨慎小心，所以在先帝临死的时候，把国家大事托付给我。
10、愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝在天之灵。 *希望陛下把讨伐*贼、兴复汉室的任务托付给我，如果没有成效就给我判罪，以告先帝在天之灵。
11、不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义
*不应该随意看轻自己，说话不恰当，以致堵塞忠言进谏的道路啊！
12、盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也
*大概是(因为)追念先帝的特别厚待，想报答给陛下啊。
十三、课文内容理解
1、“使内外异法”中，“内”指宫内，“外”指相府；文中与“内”“外”意思相同的两个词分别是宫中和府中。
2、你从文中可以看出诸葛亮是一位怎样的贤臣？
*诸葛亮是一位知恩图报、忠诚坚贞、尽心尽职的贤臣
3、文中“先帝”指刘备，“陛下”指刘禅。“天下三分”是指天下分裂为魏、蜀、吴三国。（4分）
4、这两段文字回顾了对作者人生有重大影响的三件往事，它们分别可以概括为三顾茅庐，临危委重任和临崩寄大事。作者回顾这些往事的目的是表达感念先帝的知遇之恩，忠于刘氏父子的真挚感情，并以先辈创业的艰难激励刘禅。（意思对即可）（用自己的话概括作答）。
5、结合《出师表》全文，说说诸葛亮为什么要在出师之前竭力规劝刘禅任用贤能。 *答案要点：①为了解除后顾之忧 ②为了汉室之隆
十四、开放性试题
1、、《出师表》情词恳切，有不少脍指标炙人口的名句，请写出你欣赏的一句。结合文章内容，说出诸葛亮是怎样的一个人。
*写出文中任一名句如；“受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间”，“亲贤臣，远小人”。对人物的把握能从文中章中找到依据，可得2分。如：忠君报国，深谋远虑。
2、成语及名句：妄自菲薄。 三顾茅庐。勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。 受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间。
3、下面是杜甫的一首七律《蜀相》，诗中哪些句子的意思与文章意思是一致的?请把它摘录到横线上。(2分)
丞相祠堂何处寻，锦官城外柏森森。
映阶碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。
三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。
出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满-襟。
4、下面的一副对联概括了诸葛亮一生的功绩。参考示例，从列出的六项中任
意选出两项，写出具体所指。（2分）收二川，排八阵，六出七擒，五丈原前，点四十九盏明灯，一心只为酬三顾。取西蜀，定南蛮，东和北拒，中军帐里，变金木土爻神卦，水面偏能用火攻。
[示例]三顾：三顾茅庐
**（1）六出：六出祁山（2）七擒：七擒孟获（3）东和：东和孙吴（4）北拒：北拒曹魏
（5）收二川：收取东川、西川（6）排八阵：摆设八阵图（任意答出其中两个，意思对即可）
5、回忆全文内容，从诸葛亮对刘禅“宜开张圣听”、“不宜偏私”、“宜自谋”、“不宜妄自菲薄”、“亲贤臣，远小人”的谆谆教导中，你悟出哪些做人的道理？ *虚心听取别人意见，不自私，要自信、自立、自强，要审慎交友。（除此四点外，有新的感悟也可。）
6、本文虽为“出师且”，但很少谈出师，而是用大量篇幅规劝后主修明政治，可谓晓之以情，动之以理。请以“报答”、“启发”为首词写一组不少于七言的对偶句，表达出诸葛亮情辞恳切，肝胆照人的思想感情。
报答先帝知遇之恩，句句忠言；启发后主奋发图强，声声顺耳。
7、结合本文及《三国演义》的理解，你认为诸葛亮千百年来一直备受人们称颂的原因是什么？
围绕“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”回答即可。
8、文中诸葛亮向后主刘禅提出了哪三条建议？请选择你感受最深的一条，结合《出师表》和自己的生活谈谈你的体会？
广开言路；严明法纪，赏罚分明，内外一致亲贤远佞。 选择从能广泛听取意见，开展批评和自我批评，有则改之，无侧加冕角度；选择从各党派，团体到个人应有一个统一平等的标准，不应有特权角度；选择从人际交往中，选择君子，远离小人角度。
篇三：《前出师表》+英文译文
前出师表
诸葛亮
先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同：若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间：尔来二十有一年矣。
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。
今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。
Memorial to the Emperor before the Northern Expedition
By Zhuge Liang
I, your humblesubject Zhuge Liang, have this to say:
The late Emperor had by far not yet attained his objective of restoring the Han Dynasty before he deceased halfway in his career. Now the country is divided into three camps, and Yizhouhas exhausted it resources. It is indeed a critical moment when survival is at stake. However, the royal guards keep vigilant at court while the loyal soldiers with high aim fight selflessly on the battlefield, because they bear in mind the late Emperor’s special grace, wishing to repay it to Your Majesty. It would be most judicious that you give more open-minded hearing to your counselors, so as to aggrandize his legacy of noble virtues and heighten thearmymen’s morale. In the meantime, it would be inadvisable to strain your modesty or make inapt remarks, thus blocking faithful remonstrances.
The court andthe chancellery are one entity. No difference should be made between them in respect of promoting and commending the good or punishing and criticizing the evil. Those who are guilty of misconduct or creditable for devotion and noble character should be referred to the authorities to be penalized or awarded on their merits, so as to manifest Your Majesty’s justice and perspicacity. It would be inappropriate to show partiality and make distinction between regulations inside and outside the court.
Ministers such asGuoYouzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, having integrity and probity as well as faith in our cause and purity of mind, were selected by the late Emperor to be used by Your Majesty. I think that they should be consulted on all court affairs, be they great or small, before they are put into execution. This will certainly be conducive to making up for loopholes and defects in our work and to effecting greater successes. General Xiang Chong, a man of good nature, wellversed in tactics, formerly used on probation and considered by the late Emperor as capable, has been recommended by all to be the Military Superintendent. In my humble opinion, he should be consulted on all matters concerning the army, be they great or small. This will surely contribute to the harmony in the army and to putting both the superior and the indifferent people in their proper places.
To be close to virtuous courtiers and alien to knavish ones was what made the Earlier Han Dynasty strong and prosperous, while to be close to knavish courtiers and alien to virtuous ones was what made the Latter Han Dynasty collapse. When the late Emperor was still alive, he did not fail to sign with regret and bear a bitter grudge against Emperors Huan and Ling every time he discussed this history with me. Ministers such as Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan are all constant and loyal subjects. It is hoped that Your Majesty will hold them dear and trust them. In that case, the revival of the Han Dynasty can be expected in the nearest future.
I was originallya commoner, tilling my land in Nanyang, trying merely to survive in the troublous times, not seeking to be known to the nobility. The late Emperor,disregarding my humble birth and low position, condescended to pay me three visits in my thatched cottage, consulting me on contemporary issues. I was therefore very grateful to him and promised him my whole-hearted service. Later our army suffered a disastrous defeat, I was appointed as envoy to Wu at the time of the debacle, and was installed in office at a moment of great peril and tribulation. Since then twenty one years have elapsed. Knowing my prudence, the late Emperor entrusted me with that task of great consequence upon his demise. Being thus committed, I have often worried at night, fearing lest I should fail to live up to the trust, reflecting discredit upon His Majesty’s sagacity.Consequently, I led the troops to cross the River Lu in the fifth month,penetrating into the depth of the barren land. Now that the southern territoryis stabilized and armaments are sufficient, it is high time to reward the army, so as to march north and recover the central part of the country. I wish that I might exhaust my mediocre ability in extirpating the treacherous malefactors and restoring the Han Dynasty with a triumphant re-entry into the lost capital. This is what I should do to repay the kindness of the late Emperor and to perform my duty to Your Majesty. As for handling matters with discretion and weighing advantages and disadvantages as well as making faithful remonstrances,they are the concern of Guo, Fei and Dong. I beg Your Majesty to enjoin upon methe success of the expedition and the revival of the Han Dynasty. Should I fail, then call me to task and have me duly punished, so as to solace the soul of the late Emperor. In the absence of outspoken suggestions regarding theadvancement of virtues and morality, Guo, Fei and Dong are to be corrected andto have their fault of remissness made known to everybody.
It would be wisethat Your Majesty also give more consideration to State affairs, soliciting thegood opinions on conducting the government and accepting with discernment otherpeople’s views, so as to realize the late Emperor’s wish as expressed in histestament. I shall be most grateful to you for your kindness. Upon my departureto a remote region, I cannot help shedding tears while writing this memorial,not quite clear myself on what I have herein related.（谢百魁）
Zhuge Liang 诸葛亮（181-234）
COMMENTARY
Zhuge Liang is a figure of both history and legend. Historically he was the brains behind Liu Bei刘备, the counsellor who helped Liu set up the kingdom of Shu in the west of China in rivalry with the kingdoms of Wei(founded by Cao Cao曹操) and Wu (founded by Sun Quan孙权) after the Han dynasty fell apart. Legendarily he was the possessor of preternatural intelligence. In later ages his name became a byword for wisdom. His extant writings are few, but the memorial here translated, addressed to
his sovereign, the son of Liu Bei, is such a powerful piece of prose that it became required reading for all Chinese students right up to, and even including, the present generation.
Zhuge Liang’s forefathers had been eminent servants of the state, but he was orphaned in youth, and although confident of his ability and knowledge of statecraft, chose to farm his land in obscurity rather than place himself in the hands of tyrants. Liu Bei, however, won him over, and Zhuge Liang served him with unswerving devotion to the end of Liu’s life and into the next, in the person of Liu’s son, Liu Chan刘禅. As prime minister to Liu Chan刘禅, Zhuge led a successful expedition to subjugate the native tribes to the south, but in the end failed to realize Liu Bei’s ambition as a descendant of the house of Han to reconquer the homeland occupied by the kingdom of Wei. He died on campaign.
The ‘subtext’ of Zhuge Liang’s memorial (written in AD 227) is that he himself was a man of high intelligence and wide vision, and his sovereign was close to being an imbecile. That implication is evident in his every word, and was true in fact. Loyalty was the principle he lived by: no loyalty, no Zhuge Liang. Yet it must have been impossible for him to persuade himself that the object of his loyalty was worthy of it. The wording of his memorial suggests that he had found the way out of his dilemma: it reads like the last words of a veteran of many wars going out to battle expecting to meet his end. As it turned out, he led his armies for another seven years before he died in his tent. We read out the text a life and a will that makes us feel humble, which is a rare and valuable experience.
To Lead out the Army
Your servant Liang advises:
The late Emperor passed away leaving his great enterprise less than half completed. The world is still divided into three, and our base in Shu is beleaguered. At this time our very survival hangs m the balance. Yet the ministers who serve and protect you do not slacken their efforts at court, and loyal and principled officers act selflessly in the field: they will require Your Majesty for the uncommon kindness of the late Emperor. Your Majesty should be truly open minded and attentive if he is to build upon the late Emperor's legacy and put heart into men of honour, he should not demean himself and draw on false analogies in order to put a stop to loyal remonstration.
The palace and the Chief Minister's office are one body: there should be no difference between them over promotions and demotions, favour and disgrace. If there be cases of trickery and misdemeanour on the one hand, and good and loyal service on the other, the matter of punishment and reward should be left to the responsible department of state, in order to demonstrate Your Majesty's fairness and impartiality. No favouritism should be shown, no different rules for the palace and the ministries.
Your Majesty has GuoYouzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun to advise him at court. They are all sound men, honest and true in their thoughts and purposes, which is why the late Emperor raised them up to be at your side. In my humble opinion, if they are consulted on all matters at court, great and small, before action is taken, there will be no oversights or shortcomings, and it will be for the greater good.
General Xiang Chong is good m character and just in deed. He has a thorough understanding of military affairs. When he was assigned tasks in the past, the late Emperor commended him as 'capable'. Therefore he was promoted to be commander-in-chief by common accord. In my humble opinion, if he is consulted on all matters concerning the garrison there will be harmony among the ranks, and the able and less able officers will be assigned their proper place.
The Former Han dynasty prospered because wise and moral counsellors were made welcome and mean and petty men kept at a distance. The Latter Han fell because mean and petty men were made welcome and wise and moral counsellors kept at a distance. Whenever the late Emperor discussed this thing with me, he expressed his exasperation and disgust with the last Han emperors, Huan and Ling for that reason. Your present chief civil and military officers GuoYouzhi, Fei Yi, Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan, are all men willing to lay down their lives in the line of duty. If, as I could wish, Your Majesty made them welcome and trusted them, then we could count the days to the rise of the house of Han.
I, your servant, was formerly a commoner who tilled his own fields in Nanyang. I sought only to stay alive in troublous times, and had no ambition to make myself known to our dukes and earls. The late Emperor took no account of my lowly station; he condescended to pay three visits to my rustic dwelling to ask my opinion on current affairs. Out of gratitude I promised to serve the late Emperor unflaggingly. Subsequently his fortunes were reversed, and I was given responsibility in the aftermath of defeat, at a time of peril and disarray. There has been my place for twenty-one years.
The late Emperor, aware of my caution and prudence, entrusted me on his deathbed with a heavy burden. After I received my orders, my nights were all sleepless, from worry that I could not fulfil my trust, and fear that I would tarnish the late Emperor's glory. Hence in the fifth month I crossed the Lu River and led an expedition deep into the wilderness. Now the southern tribes are pacified, our weapons and armour are adequate; the time is ripe to lead our armies north to pacify the Central Plains. I will exhaust my poor skill as a soldier to expel their cruel and traitorous overlords, thus to restore the house of Han and reclaim the ancient capital. In this way I shall do my duty to repay the late Emperor and loyally serve Your Majesty. As to the weighing of the wisdom of policies at home and offering honest counsel, that is the task of Youzhi, Yi and Yun.
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