篇一：英语句子结构和成分详解
第一章 句子成分和简单句基本句型
一、句子成分
构成篇章的基本单位是句子，组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分都是由单词、短语或从句充
是句子的修饰部分。
二、充当句子成分的各种形式
主语: 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等来担任。
1.名词
All efforts will be in vain if we can‘t learn English by practicing repeatedly.
如果我们不通过反复练习来学习英语，所有的努力将付之东流。
2.数词
Two thirds of them can play more than one musical instrument.他们中有2/3的人不只能演奏一种乐器。
3.代词
Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？
4.不定式
To see is to believe.眼见为实
It‘s an honor to make a speech here. 在这里发言我很荣幸。
5.动名词
In my opinion, cloning should be dealt with carefully. 我认为应该慎重对待克隆。
6.名词化的形容词或分词
The old should be respected.老人因该受到尊重。
The disabled will receive more money. 残疾人会收到更多的钱。
7.名词性短语
The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.老师和同学们要去参观博物馆。
8.主语从句
What he said didn‘t agree with what he did. 他的言行不一。
主语从句常使用it 作形式主语。
It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny‘s birthday party or not.
It happened that he was out when I got there.当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。
考查对句中主语的确定
【技巧点拨】
1．对句中主语的考查通常出现在强调句型中，即― It is/ was + 主语（强调部分）+ that+谓语部分‖。注意充当主语的应该是名词、代词、名词性词组或名词性从句。动词原形，介词词组或一个具有完整意义但缺少连词的简单句都是不能充当主语的。
2.句中的主语直接决定了谓语动词的单复数。对主语的确定不能被一些表象所迷惑。尤其要能辨识下面这种现象，即当主语后面跟有as well as, along with, together with, like ,but, except, in addition to 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数按主语的单复数而定。
It was ____ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.
A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played
【答案与解析】 B 该句是一个强调句型，强调部分是句子的主语成分，所以用动名词充当。注意having done 这种结构通常在句中做句首状语，表明其动作发生在谓语动词之前。
【举一反三】4
1.—What made him so angry?—____.
A. Because his son lied to him B. His son lied to him
C. Because of his son‘s lie D. His son‘s lying to him
2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters,____ visit Beijing this summer. ( 09·陕西)
A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to
3. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where___ yet.(07·浙江)
A. hasn‘t been decidedB. haven‘t decidedC. isn‘t being decidedD. aren‘t decided
反馈训练1 改正下列句子中的错误。
1. China is no longer what used to be.
2. His son was missing in the earthquake made him very anxious.
3. There was an accident happened to him.
4. Those came to see me that afternoon are some friends of mine.
5. Without a friend will feel lonely.
6. Large quantities of money has been collected to help those suffering from the floods
7. It is important for us cooperating with each other; otherwise, we will never accomplish the aim.
谓语 谓语是构成句子的最主要成分之一，谓语由动词来担任。谓语的中心词有人称、数、语气、语态和时态的变化。如：
1. She speaks English fluently. 她的英语讲得很流利。
2. Linda worked in the company for two years. 琳达在那个公司工作过两年。
3. Without your help, we couldn‘t have finished the work ahead of time.
4.You are sincerely invited to a party to be given at the Teachers‘ Club.
5. Make sure to form the habit of turning off the electric facilities whenever you leave the classroom.
6. The teacher insisted that we (should) use an English- English dictionary.
反馈训练2 改正下列句子中的错误。
1. He against your plan.
2. A week past before his letter arrived.
3. I watched him until he was disappeared from sight in the distance.
4. The economic crisis worsening in some countries.
5. The professor has come to China for five years.
6. Because he was seriously ill, he laid in bed waiting for the doctor to come.
7. Pollution effects more people living in today's society than it did in previous years.
8. The film started for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema.
9. If he knew the answer, he will tell me.
10. Waiting outside until you are asked.
宾语: 宾语表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式和宾语从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。如：
1.名词
She has a very pleasant smile and always has a twinkle in her eyes. 她笑得很灿烂，总是闪烁着那双大眼睛。
2.代词
Please wake me up at six tomorrow morning. 请明天早上六点叫醒我。
3.数词
I need three more. 我还需要三个。
4.同源宾语
She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了个美梦。
5.动名词短语
He doesn‘t allow smoking in his office. 他不允许在他办公室里吸烟。
6.动词不定式短语
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 我本打算告诉你，但我忘记了。
7.疑问词+不定式
We haven‘t decided where to meet. 我们没有决定在那见面。
8.宾语从句
No one can deny that smoking leads to cancer. 没有人能否认吸烟能致癌的事实。
We took it for granted that they would accept the proposal.
我们以为他们会理所当然地接受这项建议。
宾语补足语: 有些动词除有宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,句子意义才能完整。 所以宾语补足语说明宾语是什么、做什么、处于什么状态的成分，其逻辑主语为句子的宾语。。根据宾语和宾补在逻辑上存在的主谓（主动）或动宾（被动）关系，选用不同的非谓语动词形式作宾补。
宾语与宾补一起构成复合宾语。
一．常用的复合宾语结构为：
主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语， 其中宾语补足语可由下列形式充当。
1.名词
They all made him monitor. 我们都选他当班长。
2.形容词
After-class activities will not only make our school life colorful, but also improve our learning.
课外活动不仅让我们的学校生活丰富多彩，还能够提高我们的学习。
3.副词
Will you please invite all of them in? 你能把它们都邀请近来吗？
4.介词词组
After- class activities free students from the heavy study. 课外活动把学生从繁重的学习中解脱出来。
5.动词不定式
Nowadays，students are encouraged to take part in varieties of after-class activities.
现在学生被鼓励参加各种各样的课外活动。
6.省to的动词不定式
Sports help us build up our body, improve our ability of balance, develop our endurance and cooperation sense. 体育运动有助于我们增强体质，提高平衡能力，培养耐力和合作精神。
7.现在分词短语
I saw a stranger waving to me. 我看见一个陌生人给我挥手。
8.过去分词短语
They found their house broken into. 他们发现房屋被盗。
9. it作形式宾语的复合宾语结构
I found it pleasant to be with your family. 我发现和你的家人在一起很令人愉快。
10. with 的复合宾语结构
They stayed in the cave, with nothing to eat. 他们呆在山中，没有东西可吃。
With the Internet becoming more and more popular, we have fewer face –to face talks with our friends. 随着因特网的日益普及， 我们和朋友之间面对面的交流更少了。
考查宾语及宾补的正确形式
【技巧点拨】
1.对宾语的考查主要涉及动名词和不定式做宾语的情况。用不定式还是动名词作宾语取决于谓语动词本身的用法特点。所以，要解好这类题的关键是熟记常见的用不定式或动名词作宾语的动词。
2.有些及物动词后既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语，但两种结构在意义上差别很大。所以，解题的关键也是先要熟记这类动词的用法，才能在具体的语境中灵活运用。
3．对宾补的考查主要涉及非谓语动词作宾补的辨析。具体选用哪种形式既要看谓语动词本身的用法特点，比如catch sb. doing sth, let sb.do sth.等这样的固定的宾补形式，又要看宾语和宾补之间是主动还是被动关系。比如：see sb. do/doing sth. (主动)，see sb./sth. done (被动关系)。如：
I can‘t stand____with Jane in the same office. She just refuses___talking while she works.(2006·北京)
A. working ; stoppingB. to work; stoppingC. working ; to stopD. to work; to stop
【答案与解析】 C。can‘t stand（不能忍受）后要接动名词作宾语；refuse 后则只能接不定式作宾语。 又如： Claire had luggage ___________ an hour before her plane left. （2011·陕西卷）
A.checkB.checkingC.to checkD.checked
【答案与解析】 D。luggage 与check 之间具有被动关系，所以宾补应用过去分词。
【举一反三】5
1.—There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year - old man.
—My Goodness! I can‘t imagine____that old.(2006·陕西)
A.to be B.to have been C.being D.having been
2. Let those in need___________ that we will go all out to help them. （2013陕西卷）
A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood
3.All the staff in our company are considering____to the city centre for fashion show.( 2007·上海春招)
A.to go B.goingC.to have gone D.having gone
反馈训练3一．单句改错。
1. The speaker spoke louder but still couldn‘t make himself understand.
2. We all made Jason the director of English Department.
3. The teacher asked us not make so much noise.
4. Don‘t leave the water run while you brush your teeth.
5. He pushed the door opening.
6. She looked around and caught a man put his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
1. He narrowly escaped ____ (hit) by the car.
2. His doctor advised him ____ (take) the medicine twice a day.
3. The final exam is over. We are looking forward to ____ (have) an exciting summer holiday.
4. Drivers are not allowed ____ (park) their car here, for it may cause an accident.
表语： 表语用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。系动词之后的词、短语或句子都称之为表语。表语可以由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语不定式、动名词、起形容词作用的分词以及表语从句担任。
1.名词
Jobs was an IT leader who combined art and technology perfectly.乔布斯是一个将艺术和科技完美结合的IT 领袖。
2.代词
Seventy four years old? You don‘t look it. 74岁了？ 你看起来不像这个年纪。
3.副词
Class was over at last.课终于结束了。
4.介词词组
It is beyond our wildest imagination that she has been addicted to books since she was 44 years old, which paves the way for her future writing. 很难想象，她在四岁时就迷上了书籍，这为她未来的写作打下了基础。
5.不定式短语
My plan was to start tomorrow. 我的计划就是明天开始。
6.动名词短语
His job is teaching English. 他的工作就是教英语。
7.形容词或分词短语
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.秋天树叶变黄。
He was puzzled about what had happened. 他对发生的一切感到迷惑。
8.表语从句
Maybe it‘s because we have seldom sat down and exchanged our feelings and thoughts.
那可能是因为我们很少坐下来交流思想感情。
Job‘s motto is that we should stay hungry and stay foolish.
乔布斯的座右铭是我们应该求知若渴、处事若愚。
反馈训练4找出下列句子中正确的表达。
1．他身体健康。
Her body is healthy.
He is healthy.
2.这道数学题看起来有点难。
This maths problem looks a little difficult.
This maths problem is looked a little difficult.
3.这种巧克力味道不错。
This chocolate tastes well.
This chocolate tastes nice.
4.问题是我们当时没有带足够的钱。
The problem is that we didn‘t bring enough money.
The problem is we didn‘t bring enough money.
5. 我难过的原因是他不理解我。
The reason why I was sad was because he didn‘t understand me.
The reason why I was sad was that he didn‘t understand me.
定语: 定语是用来描述名词或代词，说明人或事物的性质、特征、所属的词、短语或句子。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
1.代词
Open your mouth and put out your tongue. 张开嘴，伸出舌头。
2.数词
She cut the cake into two pieces. 她把蛋糕切成了两块。
3.名词
This is a stone table.这是一张石头桌子。
4.介词短语
I?m writing this E-mail to ask you for some advice on how to form a band.
我写这份电子邮件想向您征求一些如何成立乐队的建议。
5. 形容词
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
6.副词
The photo above was taken fifty years ago.上面的那张照片是五十年前拍的。
7.动名词
Put the child in the sleeping bag. 把孩子放在睡袋里。
8.现在分词短语
The girl singing in English aloud is Lucy. 那个大声用英语唱歌的女孩是露西。
9.不定式
The best time to come to China is spring or autumn. 来中国最好的时间是春天或秋天。
10.过去分词短语
What‘s the language spoken in that area? 那个地区讲什么语言？
11.定语从句t
Even the students who used to dislike English have turned out to be interested in the subject. 甚至过去不喜欢英语的学生，结果他们也对英语感兴趣了。
As we know, books are the source of knowledge. 正如我们所知，书籍是知识的源泉。
反馈训练5用所给词的适当形式填空
1. He gave us a ____ (frighten) account of his experience in the Middle East.
2. Here are a few pictures ____ (show) you how I was getting along abroad.
3.The time ____ （need)for completing the experiment can certainly be shortened because of all the support we have got from you.
4.Now the need ____ (learn) other people‘s language is becoming popular.
5.I‘d like to buy a cell phone. I have several models ____ (choose) from.
状语: 状语是用来修饰句中谓语动词或整个句子的，表示动作行为或状态发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件或伴随、程度等情况,因此就有相应的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等等。如：
1.程度状语
Tom speaks very fast. 汤姆讲话很快。
2.方式状语
He makes his living by selling newspapers. 他靠卖报为生。
3.目的状语
In face of the disaster, people united to fight against the floods. 灾难面前，人们团结起来，与洪水斗争。
4.时间/地点状语
A performance will be given in the lecture hall at 7o‘clock on September 9th, 2014.
在2014年9月9日7点将在报告厅举行一场文艺演出。
5.现在分词作时间状语
Hearing the news, she burst into tears. 听到这个消息，她的眼泪都流出来了。
7.过去分词作伴随状语
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师来到实验室，后面跟着一些学生。
8.固定结构作评注状语
篇二：英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
? 简单句的五个基本句型
? 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
? 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语
She came．. She likes English.
? 主语 ＋ 系动词＋主语补语 She is happy．
? 主语 ＋ 动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语
She gave John a book． She bought a book for me.
? 主语 ＋ 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语
She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage. ? 主谓宾
? 名／代－－动词－－名／代
we-- saw --you. we-- did --the work. ? 主系表
? 名／代－系动词－形容次／名词／代词
you are beautiful you seems worried.
you are a stufent.
? 相同点都三部分，主语也一样． 不同动词和系动词，时态一样，否定式不同．动词加助动词，系动词不用． 表语可以是形容词，宾语不行． 只有宾语有补足语 ? 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：
? 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
? 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
? 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。
如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)
? 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由
名词、代词或形容词担任。
如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
? 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。
如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) ? 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接
宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。 如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)
? 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾
语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。
He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。 () / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) /
.() 8、同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。
如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名词）（代词）
数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） （不定式） （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon 3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 （名词） You don’t look it.（代词） （数词） He is asleep.（形容词） （副词） (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） （表语从句）
常见连系动词
1. “存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在”。常见的
有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。 2. 例如: The story sounds true.
3. Those oranges taste good star.
2. “持续”类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。 例如: Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. It's already ten in the morning.
The store remains closed. What's the matter?
? 3. “变化”类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调“变
化”后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), get(变得)等。 ? 例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather. (三) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
① tired ② worried ③ yellow ④ interested ⑤ first
4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
（名词） （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词） （动名词） （不定式）
（宾语从句） 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
? (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
his homework ② English ③ your pronunciation ④ new words ⑤ to go swimming ? 5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. （名词）
that she didn’t come here. （名词） We will make them happy. （形容词） 副词 )
（介词短语） Don’t let him （省to不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式） Don’t keep the lights （现在分词） I’ll have my bike （过去分词） ? 扩展：
? 主补：对主语的补充。
? He was elected monitor. ? She was found singing in the next room. ? He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. ? (五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
? ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ? ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ? ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ? ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ? ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
? ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? ? ① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ② to take the boy out of school ?③ Lily ④ get on the bus ⑤ playing football on the playground ? 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ? ① Please tell us a story. ? ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ? ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
? ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ? ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
? 6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
? Y（名词） ? ? ? ?
He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world.（数词）
（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
? 介词) ? The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） ? The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） ? （不定式）
? You should do everything that I do. （定语从句） ? (六) 挑出下列句中的定语
? ① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. ? ② What is your given name? ? ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ? ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ? ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
① family ② given ③ third ④ some ⑤ downstairs
? 7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程
度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）
?
? The meeting will be held in the meeting room. ? ? ? ?
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. ? If you study hard, you will pass the exam. ? He goes to school by bike.
? ? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 ? ① There was a big smile on her face.
? ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ? ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
? ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ? ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
? ① on the face ② Every night ③ when he was eleven ④ fast ⑤ With the medicine
box under her arm ? 八、同位语
? 当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功
能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。 ? Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. ? 我们的英语老师——布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。 ? Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends. ? 足球----他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。 ? Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
篇三：英语语法——英语句子成分分析
英语语法——英语句子成分分析
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends.(我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。
2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends. (我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。
3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)
I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)
这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。
4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：
This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)
He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。）
这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词，它们作定语。
５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：
The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。)
I often write to him. (我常给他写信。)
The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。)
这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词，第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词，它们都作状语。
６）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。)
通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语
放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：
（定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语）
如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.
(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday.
请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分
1）I have two elder sisters. （我有两个姐姐。）
2) They don't swim very well.（他们游泳不太好。）
3) Do you go to school every day? （你每天去上学吗？）
4) I really want a cup of tea.（我真的想要一杯茶。）
5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.（史密斯先生教英语非常好。）
语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕，其实里面有很多趣味。
第一讲 英语句子成分
WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there. 以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。
英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）
英语句子成分歌
英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；
补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。
状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）
I．八大成分的概念和构成
1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。
If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。
充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见）
形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）
2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。
I have a dream.
You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want. 所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。
谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）
3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。
You don’t find opportunities…you make them.
你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.
如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式
形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）
4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)
Time is money.
Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.
你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。
构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句
5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）
构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从句
主语补语
Tom was made monitor.
宾语补语
I made Tom monitor.
表语补语
I am sure to succeed.
6.定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。
7.This is beautiful music.
There are only two kinds of music…good and bad.
自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。
构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句
8.同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。
Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.
构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句
9.状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。
1）修饰性状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词等（时间，地点，肯定，否定，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等）。
Can you feel the love tonight?
Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.
只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。
2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。 First comes spring, then summer.
I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.
3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。
Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.
II．成分关系
1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）
We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）
爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。
2．定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：
定语，同位语修饰名词性形式
Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）
They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）
3．谓语动词由状语修饰
When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.
你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。
1、主语：
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地
与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语：
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：
He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading
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