外文翻译--太阳能空调系统综述 本文简介：
翻译原文AReviewonSolarPoweredAirConditioningSystemRaviGugulothu,NagaSaradaSomanchi,HimaBinduBanothandKishanBanothuAbstractThetwentyfirstcenturyisrapidlybe
外文翻译--太阳能空调系统综述 本文内容：
翻译原文
A
Review
on
Solar
Powered
Air
Conditioning
System
Ravi
Gugulothu,
Naga
Sarada
Somanchi,
Hima
Bindu
Banoth
and
Kishan
Banothu
Abstract
The
twenty
first
century
is
rapidly
becoming
the
perfect
energy
storm,
modern
society
is
faced
with
volatile
energy
prices
and
growing
environmental
concerns
as
well
as
energy
supply
and
security
issues.
One
of
the
greatest
challenges
facing
mankind
in
the
twenty
first
century
is
energy.
Fossil
fuels
such
as
coal,
petroleum
and
natural
gas
have
been
the
main
energy
resources
for
everything
vital
for
human
society.
The
burning
of
fossil
fuels
has
caused
and
is
causing
damage
to
the
environment
of
earth.
By
2050
the
demand
for
energy
could
double
or
even
triple
as
the
global
population
grows
and
developing
countries
expand
their
economies.
This
has
already
raised
concerns
over
potential
supply
difficulties,
depletion
of
energy
resources
and
expediting
environmental
impacts
like
ozone
layer
depletion,
global
warming
and
climate
change
etc.
The
most
abundant
energy
resource
available
to
human
society
is
solar
energy.
The
utilization
of
solar
energy
is
as
old
as
human
history.
Among
various
types
of
renewable
energy
resources,
solar
energy
is
the
least
utilized.
Air
conditioning
is
essential
for
maintaining
thermal
comfort
in
indoor
environments,
particularly
for
hot
and
humid
climates.
Today,
air
conditioning
comprising
cooling
and
dehumidification
has
become
a
necessity
in
commercial
and
residential
buildings
and
industrial
processes.
During
the
summer,
the
demand
for
electricity
greatly
increases
because
of
the
extensive
use
of
air-conditioning
systems.
This
is
a
source
of
major
problems
in
the
country’s
electricity
supply
and
contributes
to
an
increase
of
CO2
emissions
causing
the
environmental
pollution
and
global
warming.
On
the
other
hand,
vapour
compression
air
conditioning
systems
have
impacts
on
stratospheric
ozone
depletion
because
of
the
chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC)
and
the
hydro
fluorocarbon
(HCFC)
refrigerants.
The
use
of
solar
energy
to
drive
cooling
cycles
is
attractive
since
the
cooling
load
is
roughly
in
phase
with
solar
energy
availability.
To
cool
with
solar
thermal
energy,
one
solution
is
to
use
an
absorption
chillier
using
water
and
lithium
bromide
solution.
Solar
air
conditioning
systems
help
to
minimize
fossil
fuel
energy
use.
Among
the
evolving
energy
efficient
air
conditioning
technologies
are
liquid
desiccant
air
conditioning
(LDAC)
systems,
which
have
showed
promising
performance
during
the
past
decades
and
are
believed
to
be
a
strong
competitor
with
the
widely
used
conventional
air
conditioning
systems
(CAC).
Desiccant
evaporation
cooling
technology
is
environmental
friendly
and
can
be
used
to
condition
the
indoor
environment
of
buildings.
Unlike
conventional
air
conditioning
systems,
the
desiccant
air
conditioning
systems
can
be
driven
by
low
grade
heat
sources
such
as
solar
energy
and
industrial
waste
heat.
In
this
study,
a
focus
is
made
on
reduction
in
Air
Conditioning
capacity,
fuel
savings
and
emission
reductions
attainable
through
the
use
of
solar
energy.
Keywords:SolarEnergy,
Desiccant
Air
ConditioningSystem,
Humidification
and.
Dehumidification,
Conventional
Air
Conditioning;
1.
Introduction
As
a
kind
of
renewable
energy,
solar
energy
is
paid
more
and
more
attention
in
the
world.
Solar
system
can
be
classified
into
two
categories;
those
are
thermal
systems
which
convert
solar
energy
to
thermal
energy
and
photovoltaic
systems
which
convert
solar
energy
to
electrical
energy.
However,
more
solar
radiation
which
falling
on
photovoltaic
cells
is
not
converted
to
electricity,
but
either
reflected
or
converted
to
thermal
energy.
This
method
leads
to
a
drop
of
electricity
conversion
efficiency
due
to
an
increase
in
the
photovoltaic
cells
working
temperature.
In
the
past
century,
scientific
community
has
devoted
much
effort
to
procure
energy
sustainability
of
housing
in
two
main
directions;
those
are
reducing
external
energy
supply
and
using
renewable
energy
for
the
remaining.
In
both
ways,
solar
resources
are
gaining
popularity
because
they
increase
energy
independence
and
sustainability
at
the
same
time
offering
nearly
zero
impact
to
the
environment.
The
modern
comfort
living
conditions
are
achieved
at
the
cost
of
vast
energy
resources.
Global
warming
and
ozone
depletion
and
the
escalating
costs
of
fossil
fuels
over
the
last
few
years
to
the
design
and
control
of
building
energy
systems.
Solar
energy
is
abundant
and
clean,
it
is
meaningful
to
substitute
solar
energy
for
conventional
energy.
Solar
energy
therefore
has
an
important
role
to
play
in
the
building
energy
systems.
The
increasing
scarcity
and
cost
of
fossil
fuels
and
incentives
to
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions
have
led
to
a
growing
interest
in
solar
energy.
Solar
energy
is
widely
affordable
and
has
the
capability
to
meet
household
demand
over
the
year.
Unfortunately,
its
intermittency
and
variability
with
weather
conditions,
time
and
seasons
lead
to
a
mismatch
between
heating
demand
and
solar
energy
availability.
Air
conditioning
systems
are
installed
in
buildings
to
provide
the
occupants
with
healthy
and
productive
environments.
Considerable
amount
of
energy
is
consumed
in
the
operation
of
the
widely
used
energy
inefficient
conventional
air
conditioning
systems,
which
leads
to
several
environmental
problems
that
are
related
to
energy
production
such
as
air
pollution,
global
warming
and
acid
precipitation.
From
recent
studies,
those
buildings
are
responsible
for
the
consumption
of
around
40%
of
the
primary
energy
consumption
and
the
emission
of
nearly
33%
of
the
green
house
gases
in
the
world.
An
air
conditioning
system
consists
of
components
and
equipment
arranged
in
sequential
order
to
heat
or
cool,
humidify
or
dehumidify,
clean
and
purify,
attenuate
objectionable
equipment
noise,
transport
the
conditioned
outdoor
air
and
recirculate
air
to
the
conditioned
space
and
control
and
maintain
an
indoor
or
enclosed
environment
at
optimum
energy
use.
Most
of
the
air
conditioning
systems
perform
the
following
functions:
a.Provide
the
cooling
and
heating
energy
required
b.Condition
the
supply
air,
heat
or
cool,
humidify
or
dehumidify,
clean
and
purify
and
attenuate
any
objectionable
noise
produced
by
these
systems
c.Distribute
the
conditioned
air,
containing
sufficient
outdoor
air,
to
the
conditioned
space.
d.Control
and
maintain
the
indoor
environmental
parameters
such
as
temperature,
humidity,
cleanliness,
air
movement,
sound
level
and
pressure
differential
between
the
conditioned
space
and
surrounding
within
predetermined
limits.
1.1.
Applications
of
air
conditioning
system
a.Institutional
buildings,
such
as
schools,
colleges,
universities,
libraries,
hospitals
and
nursing
homes,
museums,
indoor
stadiums,
cinema
theatres..…etc.
b.Commercial
buildings,
such
as
offices,
stores
and
shopping
centres,
supermarkets,department
stores,
restaurants
and
others.
c.Residential
buildings,
including
hotels,
motels,
single
family
and
multifamily
low
rise
buildings
of
three
or
fewer
stories
above
grade
d.Manufacturing
buildings,
which
manufacture
and
store
products
for
examples
medicines
e.The
transportation
sectors
like
Automobiles,
aircraft,
railroad
cars,
buses
and
cruising
ships....
etc
Air
conditioning
systems
are
mainly
for
the
occupant’s
health
and
comfort.
They
are
often
called
comfort
air
conditioning
systems.
1.2.
Principle
of
air
conditioning
system
Figure
1
shows
the
window
mounted
air
conditioning
system.
The
cabinet
is
divided
into
indoor
and
outdoor
compartments
which
are
separated
by
insulated
wall
to
reduce
the
heat
transfer.
The
DX
coil
and
indoor
fan
are
in
the
indoor
compartment.
The
outdoor
compartment
contains
the
compressors,
condensers,
outdoor
fan,
capillary
tube
and
fan
motor.
The
fan
motor
often
has
a
double
ended
shaft
which
drives
both
fans
at
a
time.
Fig.
1.
Window
mounted
air
conditioning
Return
air
from
the
conditioned
space
flows
through
a
coarse
air
filter
and
is
cooled
and
dehumidified
in
a
DX
coil
and
then
enters
the
inlet
of
the
indoor
fan.
In
a
room
air
conditioner,
the
indoor
fan
is
a
forward
curved
centrifugal
fan.
The
conditioned
air
is
pressurised
in
the
impeller
and
forced
through
the
air
passage
that
leads
to
the
supply
grille.
The
conditioned
air
is
then
supplied
to
the
conditioned
space
to
offset
the
space
cooling
load.
Outdoor
air
is
extracted
by
the
propeller
fan
and
forced
through
the
condensing
coils,
in
which
hot
gaseous
refrigerant
is
condensed
to
liquid
refrigerant.
During
condensation,
condensing
heat
is
released
to
the
outside
through
the
cooling
air.
A
portion
of
outdoor
ventilation
air
is
extracted
by
the
indoor
fan
and
mixed
with
the
return
air.
The
opening
of
the
outdoor
ventilation
air
intake
is
adjustable.
Scientists
and
engineers
are
trying
to
develop
more
efficient
air
conditioning
systems
that
are
capable
of
achieving
good
indoor
air
quality
with
low
energy
consumption
rates
and
air
pollution
emissions.
Among
the
evolving
energy
efficient
air
conditioning
technologies
are
liquid
desiccant
air
conditioning
(LDAC)
systems,
which
have
showed
promising
performance
during
the
past
decades
and
are
believed
to
be
a
strong
competitor
with
the
widely
used
conventional
air
conditioning
systems
(CAC).
The
air
handling
in
air
conditioning
systems
was
moist
because
of
the
dehumidification
process
in
summer,
so
bacteria
were
easily
propagated
and
developed.
In
addition,
the
air
humidity
in
moist
central
air
conditioning
systems
is
seldom
controlled.
This
causes
people
to
feel
uncomfortable
in
such
air
conditioning
rooms.
Solar
energy
driven
liquid
desiccant
cooling
air
conditioning
systems
(LDCS)
can
improve
indoor
air
quality
and
reduce
electrical
energy
consumption
and
have
been
regarded
highly
by
researchers
and
engineers
in
recent
years.
The
desiccant
based
air
conditioning
system
comes
to
be
one
of
the
prospective
alternatives
for
the
traditional
vapour
compression
air
conditioning
systems.
1.3.
Literature
review?
Ahmed
H
Abdel
Salam
and
Carey
J
Simonson
(2014)
proposed
a
membrane
liquid
desiccant
air
conditioning
(M-LDAC)
system
modelled
using
the
TRNSYS
building
energy
simulation
software.
The
four
air
conditioning
systems
investigated
in
this
study
are
evaluated
from
technical,
environmental
and
economic
points
of
views.
They
found
that,
the
energy
consumption
of
the
systems
with
an
ERV
increases
as
the
exhaust
airflow
decreases.
Energy
consumptions
of
the
CAC-ERV
increases
by
11%
and
M-LDAC-ERV
increases
by
6%
when
Rexhaust
decreases
from
1
to
0.6.
When
M-
LDAC
system
is
used
CO2
emissions
decrease
by
19%
compared
to
CAC
system
and
CO2
reduction
goes
to
31
%
when
ERV
used
at
Rexhaust
equal
to
unity
in
the
M-LDAC
system.
It
was
found
that
the
electrical,
thermal
and
total
COPs
of
the
M-LDAC
system
are
3.45,
1.95
and
0.68
respectively.
In
their
simulation
results,
the
M-LDAC
system
is
a
promising
system
from
technical
environmental
and
economic
point
of
views.
More
energy
savings
can
be
achieved
through
the
integration
of
an
energy
recovery
ventilator,
a
solar
thermal
system
or
a
heat
pump
with
the
proposed
M-LDAC
system.
Balghouthi
M
et
al
(2008)
did
computer
model
and
simulations
using
the
TRNSYS
and
EES
programs
with
meteorological
data.
The
system
optimized
for
a
typical
building
of
150
m2
area
consists
of
a
water
lithium
bromide
absorption
chiller
of
a
capacity
of
11
kW,
a
30
m2
flat
plate
collector
area
tilted
35°
from
the
horizontal
and
800
1
hot
water
storage
tank.
The
simulation
results
show
that,
absorption
solar
air
conditioning
systems
are
suitable
under
Tunisian
conditions.
Elsherbini
A
L
and
Maheshwari
G
P
(2010)
they
found
that
the
theoretical
increase
in
the
coefficient
of
performance
(COP)
due
to
shading
is
within
2.5%,
this
small
improvement
in
ideal
efficiency
decreases
at
higher
ambient
temperatures,
when
enhancements
to
efficiency
are
more
needed.
The
actual
efficiency
improvement
due
to
shading
is
not
expected
to
exceed
1%
and
the
daily
energy
savings
will
be
lower.
Guo
J
and
Shen
H
G
(2009)
studied
a
lumped
method
combined
with
dynamic
model
and
investigated
the
performance
and
solar
fraction
of
a
solar
ejector
refrigeration
system
(SERS)
using
R134a.
They
found
that,
during
the
office
working
time,
i.e.
9:00
a.m.
to
5:00
p.m.
the
average
COP
and
the
average
solar
fraction
of
the
system
were
0.48
and
0.82
when
the
operating
conditions
are:
generator
temperature
is
85°C
and
evaporator
temperature
is
8°C
and
condenser
temperature
varying
with
ambient
temperature.
This
system
can
save
up
to
80%
of
electrical
energy
when
compared
with
traditional
compressor
based
air
conditioning.
Ha
Q
P
and
Vakiloroaya
V
(2014)
studied
the
performance
enhancement
and
energy
efficiency
improvement
of
a
new
hybrid
solar
assisted
air
conditioning
system.
A
single
stage
vapour
compression
solar
air
conditioner
consists
of
six
major
components;
a
compressor,
a
condenser,
an
expansion
device,
an
evaporator,
a
solar
vacuum
collector
and
a
solar
storage
tank.
In
this
new
configuration
a
bypass
line
is
implemented
in
the
discharge
line
after
the
compressor
to
control
the
refrigerant
mass
flow
rate
via
a
two
way
valve
while
a
variable
speed
drive
is
connected
to
the
air
cooled
condenser
to
adjust
the
condenser
fan
air
flow
rate.
From
the
simulation,
they
found
that
the
enthalpy
of
refrigerant
entering
the
expansion
valve
with
and
without
the
new
configuration
is
reduced
by
8.5%.
Designed
at
steady
state
conditions,
the
compressor
power
consumption
for
the
system
without
control
and
the
developed
system
are
1.45kW
and
1.24kW
and
energy
savings
is
14%.
The
average
power
consumption
by
using
the
developed
system
is
9.7%
less
than
that
of
the
uncontrolled
system.
The
average
energy
saving
potential
for
the
proposed
approach
for
the
compressor
and
condenser
fan
is
7.1%
and
2.6%.
Both
of
compressor
and
condenser
reduction
can
result
ultimately
in
an
increase
of
COP.
The
average
supply
temperature
of
the
developed
system
is
decreased
from
13.77°C
to
11.44°C.
The
average
energy
consumption
of
the
newly
developed
system
under
control
and
the
original
one
in
summer
month
power
consumption
is
less
than
the
power
usage
of
the
uncontrolled
plant.
For
the
closed
loop
system
under
control
have
7%
to
14%
electricity
consumed
by
the
compressor
can
be
saved
using
the
proposed
system
under
multivariable
control
as
compared
to
the
system
without
control.
They
concluded
that
this
new
design
is
promising
for
improving
the
system
performance
while
fulfilling
the
cooling
demands
as
well
as
achieving
high
energy
efficiency.
Ibrahim
I
El
Sharkawy
et
al
(2014)
theoretically
investigation
on
the
performance
of
solar
powered
silica
gel/water
based
adsorption
cooling
system
working
under
Middle
East
region
climate
conditions.
Two
bed
silica
gel/water
type
adsorption
chiller
has
been
used.
They
found
that
the
maximum
cyclic
average
cooling
capacity
of
the
system
working
under
Cairo
and
Jeddah
climate
conditions
reaches
to
14.8
kW
and
15.8
kW
under
Aswan
climate
conditions.
Cooling
capacity
of
the
system
without
hot
water
buffer
storage
reaches
its
maximum
at
noon
and
for
the
system
with
hot
water
buffer
storage,
the
maximum
cooling
capacity
value
is
13
kW
that
is
achieved
at
a
time
interval
of
14:00
and
15:00
hours.
The
system
with
hot
water
buffer
storage
has
less
fluctuating
cooling
energy
production
compared
to
that
of
the
system
without
hot
water
buffer
storage.
Lucas
M
et
al
(2003)
installed
a
Hydrosolar
roof
prototype
on
a
laboratory
roof
at
Spain.
This
building
was
air
conditioned
with
a
water
condensed
chiller
working
with
the
solar
roof
as
a
condenser.
The
total
volume
occupied
by
the
four
cells
of
the
prototype
is
roughly
6m*6m*1.2m
in
size.
During
the
summer
2000
the
system
was
monitored
to
obtain
performance
data
in
a
real
installation
and
under
real
conditions.
They
created
CFD
model
and
analysed.
From
their
numerical
results
and
experimental
results,
they
confirmed
that,
the
air
mass
flow
is
induced
through
the
channel
due
to
natural
and
forced
convection.
Natural
convection
is
produced
by
the
solar
radiation
heating
the
plates
and
forced
convection
is
due
to
the
wind
suction
effect
at
the
output
of
the
channel.
Therefore,
the
two
main
meteorological
factors
that
influence
the
system
performance
are
solar
radiation
and
wind
velocity.
Ma
Q
et
al
(2006)
studied
performance
of
hybrid
air
conditioning
systems
and
they
observed
that,
the
performance
of
hybride
air
conditioning
system
is
44.5%
higher
than
conventional
vapour
compression
refrigeration
system
at
a
latent
load
of
30%
and
the
improvement
can
be
achieved
by
73.8%
at
a
latent
load
of
42%.
Min
Tu
et
al
(2010)
performed
comparison
between
two
novel
configurations
of
liquid
desiccant
air
conditioning
system
driven
by
low
grade
thermal
energies.
Moncef
Balghouthi
et
al
(2005)
studied
with
the
TRNSYS
program
simulation
study
of
solar
powered
absorption
cooling
technology
under
Tunisian
conditions.
A
number
of
simulations
were
carried
out
in
order
to
optimize
the
various
factors
affecting
the
performance
of
the
system.
Their
simulation
results
show
that
absorption
solar
air
conditions
solar
air
conditioning
systems
are
suitable
for
Tunisian’s
conditions.
Sukamongkol
Y
et
al
(2010)
they
conducted
an
experimental
test
to
investigate
validity
of
a
developed
simulation
model
in
predicting
the
dynamic
performance
of
a
condenser
heat
recovery
with
a
hybrid
PV/T
air
heating
collector.
The
thermal
energy
generated
by
the
system
can
produce
warm
dry
air
as
high
as
53°C
and
23%
relative
humidity.
6%
of
daily
electricity
can
be
obtained
from
the
PV/T
collector
in
the
system.
The
use
of
a
hybrid
PV/T
air
heater,
incorporated
with
the
heat
recovered
from
the
condenser
to
regenerate
the
desiccant
for
dehumidification
and
save
the
energy
use
of
the
air
conditioning
system
by
18%.
They
concluded
that,
the
experimental
validation
results
that
the
developed
simulation
model
is
able
to
predict
within
acceptable
limits
of
accuracy
the
performance
of
a
condenser
heat
recovery
with
a
hybrid
PV/T
air
heater
to
regenerate
desiccant
for
reducing
energy
use
of
an
air
conditioning
room.
Thosapon
Katejanekam
and
Kumar
S
(2008)
simulation
procedure
is
used
to
predict
the
operating
and
performance
parameters
of
the
system
in
the
form
of
daily
profiles.
They
found
that,
the
system
is
reduced
the
average
relative
humidity
of
air
is
decreased
by
15%.
The
regenerating
air
coming
out
of
the
solar
C/R
is
warmer
and
drier
than
the
entering
ambient
air.
They
studied
the
system
performance
with
the
ventilation
air
flow
rate
was
varied
and
they
found
that,
the
effectiveness
at
the
ventilation
rate
of
40,
60
and
80
CFM
is
decreased
by
23%,
45%
and
68%
when
compared
with
the
base
20
CFM.
Because,
the
less
contact
time
between
the
air
and
the
desiccant
inside
the
dehumidifier.
On
a
daily
average,
the
relative
humidity
of
the
delivered
air
at
the
ventilation
rate
of
20,
40,
60
and
80
CFM
is
43.12%,
48.49%,
52.83%
and
57.15%.
This
is
due
to
the
less
moisture
removal
effectiveness
at
higher
ventilation
rates.
At
the
ventilation
rate
of
40,
60
and
80
CFM,
the
moisture
removal
rate
is
increased
by48%,
58%
and
26%,
whereas
the
evaporation
rate
is
increased
by
17%,
20%
and
6%.
Tingyao
chen
et
al
(2007)
designed
a
solar
air
conditioning
system
which
is
independent
on
design
dry
bulb
and
wet
bulb
temperatures.
This
design
coincident
dry
bulb
and
wet
bulb
temperatures
more
than
6°C
higher
as
compared
to
the
newly
generated
design
dry
bulb
and
wet
bulb
temperature.
From
this
new
method
they
can,
when
the
peak
cooling
load
occurs,
HVAC
engineers
can
avoid
calculating
24hours
cooling
loads
on
one
design
day
in
each
month
of
the
year.
This
new
method
and
design
weather
data
allow
to
determining
the
peak
cooling
load
for
a
room
or
building
in
any
orientation
directly,
but
with
a
thermal
lag
less
than
1
hour.
Yonggao
Yin
and
Xiaosong
Zhang
(2010)
studied
on
internally
heated
and
adiabatic
regenerators
in
liquid
desiccant
air
conditioning
system.
Heat
and
mass
transfer
model
was
used
to
analyse
and
compare
the
performance
of
internally
heated
and
adiabatic
regenerators.
They
found
that,
internally
heated
regenerator
is
proposed
to
achieve
better
regeneration
performance
when
compared
to
conventional
packed
regenerator.
Internally
heated
regenerator
not
only
could
increase
the
regenerate
rate,
but
also
could
exhibit
higher
energy
utilization
efficiency.
Internally
heated
regenerator
can
provide
comparable
regeneration
efficiency
and
regeneration
rate
at
low
desiccant
flow
rate,
so
it
should
be
a
good
alternative
to
avoid
carryover
of
desiccant
droplets.
Higher
air
flow
rate
would
result
in
a
deduction
of
regeneration
thermal
efficiency
although
achieving
higher
regeneration
rate.
Yonggao
Yin
et
al
(2007)
experimentally
studied
the
dehumidification
rate
of
the
air
decreases
from
0.104
g/sec
to
0.073
g/sec
when
the
temperature
of
the
inlet
air
changes
from
29°C
to
34.1°C.
From
this
experiment,
they
found
that
the
average
mass
transfer
coefficient
of
the
packing
regenerator
is
4g/m2sec.
When
the
desiccant
solution
mass
concentration
is
20%
and
heating
temperature
is
77.5°C,
the
maximum
mass
transfer
coefficient
is
7.5
g/m2sec.
In
this
experiment,
the
humidity
of
the
inlet
air
is
varied
from
11.5
g/kg
to
35
g/kg
and
its
temperature
is
28.5°C.
The
desiccant
solution
temperatures
are
in
the
range
from
55°C
to
70°C.
The
solution
outlet
temperatures
range
between
39.5°C
to
43°C
and
the
air
outlet
temperatures
range
between
32°C
to
35°C.
They
found
that
the
dehumidification
rate
increases
obviously
with
increasing
humidity
of
the
inlet
air.
The
coefficient
of
performance
(COP)
of
the
air
conditioning
systems
varies
from
0.7to
1.2.
2.
Conclusions
From
the
literature
review,
it
is
observed
that,
the
energy
and
water
are
the
basic
necessity
for
all
of
us
to
lead
a
normal
life
on
this
beautiful
earth.
Solar
energy
technologies
and
its
usage
are
very
important
and
useful
for
the
developing
and
under
developed
countries
to
sustain
their
energy
needs.
The
main
motivation
for
solar
cooling
systems
is
the
substitution
of
electricity
as
the
premium
energy
sources
for
air
conditioning
systems
by
a
renewable
heat
source,
i.e.
low
grade
heat
from
solar
collectors.
Solar
cooling
is
a
good
example
of
addressing
climate
changes.
Long
term
data
should
be
used
to
prove
the
feasibility
of
air
conditioning
systems.
Acknowledgements
Foremost,
I
am
thankful
to
Professor
A.V.
Sita
Rama
Raju,
JNT
University
for
his
valuable
suggestion
of
reading
numerous
research
publications
in
the
area
of
solar
distillation
and
to
write
review
papers.
I
am
thankful
to
Professor
K.Vijaya
Kumar
Reddy
and
Professor
B.
Sudheer
Prem
Kumar,
JNT
University
and
my
parents
for
their
encouragement
in
preparing
this
research
paper.
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Banoth和Kishan
Banothu
摘要：二十一世纪正迅速成为完美的能源风暴，现代社会面临着能源价格波动和日益严重的环境问题以及能源供应和安全问题。21世纪人类面临的最大挑战之一是能源。煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料是人类社会一切重要的主要能源。化石燃料的燃烧已经并正在对地球环境造成破坏。到2050年，随着全球人口增长和发展中国家经济扩张，能源需求可能会增加一倍甚至三倍。这已经引起了人们对潜在供应困难、能源资源枯竭和加速臭氧层损耗、全球变暖和气候变化等环境影响的关注。人类社会可利用的最丰富的能源是太阳能。太阳能的利用和人类历史一样古老。在各类可再生能源中，太阳能利用最少。空调对于保持室内环境的热舒适性是必不可少的，特别是对于湿热气候。如今，包括冷却和除湿的空调已经成为商业和住宅建筑以及工业过程中的必要条件。夏季，由于空调系统的广泛使用，电力需求大幅增加。这是该国电力供应出现重大问题的根源，并导致二氧化碳排放量增加，造成环境污染和全球变暖。另一方面，由于含氯氟烃(
CFC
)和氢氟碳化合物(
HCFC
)制冷剂的存在，蒸汽压缩空调系统对平流层臭氧消耗有影响。使用太阳能来驱动冷却循环是有吸引力的，因为冷却负荷大致与太阳能的可用性同相。为了利用太阳能冷却，一种解决方案是使用吸收式冷却器，使用水和溴化锂溶液。太阳能空调系统有助于减少化石燃料的使用。在不断发展的节能空调技术中，液体除湿空调(
LDAC
)系统在过去几十年中表现出了良好的性能，被认为是与广泛使用的传统空调系统(CAC)的强大竞争对手。干燥剂蒸发冷却技术环保，可用于调节建筑物室内环境。与传统空调系统不同，除湿空调系统可以由太阳能和工业废热等低级热源驱动。在这项研究中，重点是通过使用太阳能来降低空调能力、节省燃料和减少排放。
关键词：太阳能，除湿空调系统，加湿，除湿，常规空调
一.介绍
太阳能作为一种可再生能源，越来越受到世界各国的重视。太阳系可分为两类:这些是将太阳能转换成热能的热系统和将太阳能转换成电能的光伏系统。然而，更多落在光伏电池上的太阳辐射不是转换成电能，而是反射或转换成热能。由于光伏电池工作温度的升高，这种方法导致电转换效率下降。
在过去的一个世纪里，科学界在两个主要方面付出了很大努力来实现住房的能源可持续性；这些国家正在减少外部能源供应，其余国家则使用可再生能源。在这两方面，太阳能都越来越受欢迎，因为它们增加了能源的独立性和可持续性，同时对环境几乎没有影响。
现代舒适的生活条件是以巨大的能源为代价的。全球变暖和臭氧消耗，以及过去几年化石燃料对建筑能源系统设计和控制的成本上升。太阳能资源丰富、清洁，用太阳能替代传统能源具有重要意义。因此太阳能在建筑能源系统中起着重要作用。
化石燃料越来越稀缺，成本越来越高，减少温室气体排放的激励措施也使得人们对太阳能越来越感兴趣。太阳能价格低廉，能够满足家庭全年的需求。不幸的是，它的间歇性和随天气条件、时间和季节的变化导致供暖需求和太阳能供应之间的不匹配。
空调系统安装在建筑物中，为居住者提供健康和生产环境。在广泛使用的能源效率低的传统空调系统的运行中消耗了大量的能量，这导致了一些与能源生产相关的环境问题，例如空气污染、全球变暖和酸雨。
从最近的研究来看，这些建筑消耗了全球约40
%的一次能源，排放了近33
%的温室气体。
空调系统由依次布置的部件和设备组成，以便加热或冷却、加湿或除湿、清洁和净化、减少令人反感的设备噪音、运输经调节的室外空气并将空气再循环至经调节的空间，并控制和维护室内或在最佳能源使用的封闭环境。
大多数空调系统执行以下功能:
a
.提供所需的冷却和加热能量
b
.调节供气、加热或冷却、加湿或除湿、清洁和净化以及减弱这些系统产生的任何不良噪声
c
.将包含足够室外空气的调节空气分配到调节空间
d
.控制并保持室内环境参数，如温度、湿度、清洁度、空气运动、声级和调节空间与周围环境之间的压差在预定范围内。
1.1
.空调系统的应用
a.学校、学院、大学、图书馆、医院、疗养院、博物馆、室内运动场、电影院等机构建筑……等等。
b.商业建筑，如办公室、商店和购物中心、超市、百货公司、餐馆等。
c.居住建筑，包括酒店、汽车旅馆、单身家庭和三层或三层以下的多户低层建筑。
d.制造建筑物，制造和储存药品等产品。
e.汽车、飞机、铁路车辆、公共汽车、邮轮等交通运输行业....等等。
空调系统主要是为了乘客的健康和舒适。它们通常被称为舒适空调系统。
1.2
.空调系统原理
图1显示了安装在窗户上的空调系统。机柜分为室内和室外两部分，室内和室外由隔热墙隔开，以减少热传递。DX盘管与室内风扇位于室内和室内。室外舱包括压缩机、冷凝器、室外风扇、毛细管和风扇电机。风扇电机通常具有双端轴，一次驱动两个风扇。
图1.窗式空调
来自调节空间的返回空气流过粗空气过滤器，在DX盘管中冷却和除湿，然后进入室内风扇的入口。在室内空调中，室内风扇是前向弯曲离心风扇。经调节的空气在叶轮中被加压，并被迫通过通向供应格栅的空气通道。然后将调节后的空气供应到调节后的空间以抵消空间冷却负荷。
室外空气由螺旋桨风扇抽出并通过冷凝盘管，在冷凝盘管中热气态制冷剂冷凝成液态制冷剂。冷凝时，冷凝热通过冷却空气释放到外部。室外通风空气的一部分被室内风扇抽出并与回风混合。室外通风进风口开度可调。
科学家和工程师正在努力开发更有效的空调系统，能够以低能耗率和空气污染排放实现良好的室内空气质量。在不断发展的节能空调技术中，液体除湿空调(
LDAC
)系统在过去几十年中表现出了良好的性能，被认为是与广泛使用的传统空调系统(
CAC
)的强大竞争对手。
由于夏季除湿过程，空调系统的空气处理很潮湿，细菌很容易繁殖和发育。此外，潮湿的中央空调系统的空气湿度很少受到控制。这使得人们在这样的空调房间里感到不舒服。太阳能驱动液体除湿冷却空调系统(
LDCS
)能够改善室内空气质量，降低电能消耗，近年来受到研究人员和工程师的高度重视。
基于干燥剂的空调系统逐渐成为传统蒸汽压缩空调系统的潜在替代方案之一。
1.3
.文献综述
Ahmed
H.Abdel
Salam和Carey
J.Simonson
(
2014
)提出了一种使用TRNSYS建筑能量模拟软件建模的膜式液体除湿空调(M-LDAC)系统。从技术、环境和经济角度对本研究调查的四种空调系统进行了评价。他们发现，带有ERV的系统的能耗随着排气气流的减少而增加。当废气从1降至0.6时，CAC-ERV的能耗增加了11%，M-LDAC-ERV增加了6%。当使用M-LDAC系统时，CO2排放量比CAC系统减少了19%，当废气使用的ERV等于M-LDAC系统中的单位时，CO2减少了31%。发现M-LDAC系统的电、热和总COPs分别为3.45、1.95和0.68。从技术环境和经济角度来看，M-LDAC系统是一个很有前途的系统。通过将能量回收通风器、太阳能热系统或热泵与所提出的M-LDAC系统集成，可以实现更多的节能。
BalghouthiM等人(2008年)利用TRNSYS和EES程序利用气象数据进行了计算机建模和仿真。针对150m2典型建筑优化的系统包括容量为11kw的溴化锂吸收式冷水机组、从水平方向倾斜35°的30m2平板集热器区和800±1个热水储罐。仿真结果表明，吸收式太阳能空调系统在突尼斯条件下是适用的。
ElsherbiniA.L.和MaheshwariG.P.(2010)他们发现，由于遮光导致的性能系数(COP)的理论增加在2.5%以内，理想效率的这种小的提高在更高的环境温度下降低，当需要提高效率时。遮阳带来的实际效率提升预计不会超过1%，日常节能将会降低。
郭杰、沈海庚(
2009
)结合动力学模型研究了集总法，研究了R134a太阳能喷射式制冷系统(
SERS
)的性能和太阳能含量。他们发现，在办公时间，即上午9
:
00至下午5
:
00，当运行条件为:发电机温度为85℃，蒸发器温度为8℃，冷凝器温度随环境温度变化时，系统的平均COP和平均太阳辐射分数分别为0.48和0.82。与传统的基于压缩机的空调相比，该系统可节省高达80
%的电能。
Ha
Q
P和vakloaya
V
(
2014
)研究了一种新型混合太阳能辅助空调系统的性能增强和能效提高。单级蒸汽压缩太阳能空调由六大部件组成，压缩机、冷凝器、膨胀装置、蒸发器、太阳能真空收集器和太阳能储罐。在这种新的配置中，在压缩机之后的排放管线中实施旁通管线，以经由双向阀控制制冷剂质量流量，同时变速驱动器连接到空冷冷凝器以调节冷凝器风扇空气流量。通过模拟发现，无论采用新结构还是不采用新结构，进入膨胀阀的制冷剂焓都降低了8.5
%。在稳态条件下设计，无控制系统和开发的系统压缩机功耗分别为1.45
kw和1.24
kw，节能14
%。使用该系统的平均功耗比未控制系统低9.7
%。压缩机和冷凝器风扇的平均节能潜力为7.1
%和2.6
%。压缩机和冷凝器的降低最终会导致COP的增加。所开发系统的平均供电温度由13.77℃降至11.44℃，新开发系统和原系统夏季用电的平均能耗均低于未控制电厂的用电。对于控制中的闭环系统，与未控制的系统相比，在多变量控制下使用所提出的系统可以节省压缩机消耗的7
%至14
%的电力。他们得出结论，这种新设计有望在满足冷却需求的同时提高系统性能，并实现高能效。
Ibrahim
I
El
Sharkawy等人
(2014)
从理论上考察了在中东地区气候条件下工作的太阳能吸附硅胶/水基冷却系统的性能。采用双床硅胶/水式吸附冷水机组。他们发现,
在开罗和吉达气候条件下工作的系统的最大循环平均冷却能力在阿斯旺气候条件下达到14.8
千瓦和15.8千瓦。无热水缓冲存储系统的冷却能力在中午达到最大值,
对于具有热水缓冲存储的系统,
最大冷却容量为13千瓦,
达到14:00
和15:00
小时的时间范围。具有热水缓冲储存系统的冷却能源生产市场波动较小。与没有热水缓冲储存的系统相比。
Lucas
M等人（2003）在西班牙的实验室屋顶上安装了Hydrosolar屋顶样机。这座大楼装有冷凝器，冷凝器与太阳能屋顶一起作为冷凝器工作。该原型的四个单元占据的总体积约为6米*6米*1.2米的大小。在2000夏季,系统被监测,以获得实际安装和在实际条件下的性能数据。建立了CFD模型并进行了分析。通过实验结果和数值计算结果证实,由于自然和强迫对流,空气质量流通过通道引起。自然对流是由太阳辐射加热产生的银和强迫对流是由于风吸力效应在通道的输出。因此,影响系统性能的两个主要气象因素是太阳辐射和风速。
Ma
Q
等人(2006)
研究了混合空调系统的性能,
并观察到,
混合空调系统的性能比传统的蒸汽压缩制冷系统高出
44.5%,
潜在负荷为
30%,
改善可以达到73.8%
在一个潜在的42%
负载。
Min
Tu等人
(2010)
对低品位热能驱动的液体除湿空调系统的两种新型结构进行了比较。
Moncef
Balghouthi等（2005）研究了突尼斯条件下太阳能吸收式冷却技术的TRNSYS程序模拟研究。为了优化影响系统性能的各种因素，进行了许多模拟。他们的仿真结果表明，吸收太阳能空调条件的太阳能空调系统适合突尼斯的条件。
Sukamongkol
Y等人（2010年）进行了一项实验测试，以研究开发的模拟模型在预测混合PV/T空气加热收集器的冷凝器热回收动态性能方面的有效性。系统产生的热能可产生高达53°C和23％相对湿度的温暖干燥空气。每日电量的6％可以从系统中的PV
/
T收集器获得。使用混合式PV/T空气加热器，并结合从冷凝器回收的热量再生干燥剂进行除湿，并将空调系统的能耗降低18％。他们的结论是，实验验证结果表明，所开发的仿真模型能够在可接受的精度范围内预测冷凝器热回收的性能，其中使用混合PV/T空气加热器来再生干燥剂以减少空调室的能量使用。
Thosapon
Katejanekam和Kumar
S（2008）的仿真程序用于以日常概况的形式预测系统的运行和性能参数。他们发现，系统的平均空气相对湿度降低了15％。来自太阳能C/R的再生空气比进入的环境空气更暖和干燥。他们研究了系统性能，结果发现通风空气流量有所变化，他们发现40,60和80立方英尺通风率的效率比基础20
CFM降低了23％，45％和68％。因为空气和除湿机内的干燥剂之间的接触时间较短。通风量为20,40,60和80CFM时，空气相对湿度日均值分别为43.12％，48.49％，52.83％和57.15％。这是由于更高通风率下的水分去除效果较差。在40,60和80CFM的通风速率下，水分去除率增加了48％，58％和26％，而蒸发率增加了17％，20％和6％。
Tingyao
Chen等（2007）设计了一个独立于设计干球和湿球温度的太阳能空调系统。与新设计的干式灯泡和湿球温度相比，此设计重合的干球和湿球温度高出6°C以上。通过这种新方法，当发生峰值冷负荷时，HVAC工程师可以避免在一年中的每个月的一个设计日计算24小时冷负荷。这种新方法和设计的天气数据可以直接确定房间或建筑物的峰值冷负荷，但热滞后小于1小时。
Tingyao
Chen(
2010
)对液体除湿空调系统中的内热式和绝热式蓄热器进行了研究。采用传热传质模型对内热式和绝热式蓄热器的性能进行了分析和比较。他们发现，与传统的填充式再生器相比，内加热式再生器可以获得更好的再生性能。内热式再生器不仅可以提高再生率，而且可以发挥更高的能量利用效率。内热式再生器可以在低干燥剂流速下提供相当的再生效率和再生速率，因此应该是避免干燥剂液滴携带的好选择。较高的空气流速将导致再生热效率的降低，尽管实现了较高的再生速率。
Yong
Gao
Yin等人(
2007
)对入口空气温度从29℃变化到34.1℃时，空气除湿率从0.104g/sec降至0.073g/sec进行了实验研究，发现填料再生器的平均传质系数为4g/m2sec。当干燥剂溶液质量浓度为20%、加热温度为77.5°C时，最大传质系数为7.5g/m2sec。在本实验中，进气湿度为11.5g/kg~35g/kg，温度为28.5°C，干燥剂溶液温度为55~70°C，溶液出口温度为39.5~43°C，空气出口温度为32~35°C，发现除湿率随进气湿度的增加而明显增加。
空调系统的性能系数(COP)在0.7到1.2之间变化。
二.结论
从文献综述可以看出，在这个美丽的地球上，能量和水是我们所有人正常生活的基本必需品。太阳能技术及其应用对发展中国家和欠发达国家维持能源需求非常重要和有用。
太阳能冷却系统的主要动力是用可再生热源，即太阳能收集器的低品位热量，取代电力作为空调系统的优质能源。
太阳冷却是应对气候变化的一个好例子。应使用长期数据证明空调系统的可行性。
致谢
首先，我要感谢JNT大学的A.V.
Sita
Rama
Raju教授，他提出了阅读太阳能蒸馏领域众多研究出版物和撰写评论论文的宝贵建议。我感谢JNT大学K.Vijaya
Kumar
Reddy
和
Professor
B.
Sudheer
Prem
Kumar教授以及我的父母，感谢他们鼓励我撰写这篇研究论文。
参考文献
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